Грамматика и лексика английского для школьников. Понятный учебник для начинающих по темам школьной программы

Grammar Focus

Порядок слов в английском предложении

В английском языке порядок слов строгий и играет ключевую роль. В отличие от русского языка, где смысл часто понятен благодаря окончаниям, в английском именно порядок слов показывает, кто что делает.

Базовая структура утвердительного предложения

Subject + Verb + Object (+ Adverbial)

Подлежащее + Сказуемое + Дополнение (+ Обстоятельство)

Examples:

I like English. – Я люблю английский язык.

She reads books every day. – Она читает книги каждый день.

They play football after school. – Они играют в футбол после школы.

Вопросительные предложения

В вопросах часто используется вспомогательный глагол (do / does / did или формы to be).

Examples:

Do you like English? – Ты любишь английский язык?

Is he at school now? – Он сейчас в школе?

Отрицательные предложения

Для отрицания используется not, чаще всего с вспомогательным глаголом.

Examples:

I do not like maths. – Я не люблю математику.

She is not tired. – Она не устала.

Типичные ошибки школьников

Like I English.

She every day reads books.

I not understand this rule.

Правильно:

I like English.

She reads books every day.

I do not understand this rule.

Полезный совет

Если ты не уверен в порядке слов, сначала найди подлежащее и глагол – это основа любого английского предложения.

Story

Tom is a twelve-year-old student. Every morning he wakes up early and goes to school. He likes school because he learns new things every day. English is his favourite subject, and he always listens to the teacher carefully.

In class, Tom writes sentences in his notebook. He knows that English sentences have a clear order. First comes the subject, then the verb, and after that the rest of the sentence. This rule helps him understand texts and speak more confidently.

After school, Tom does his homework at home. He reads short stories and pays attention to how sentences are built. Sometimes he makes mistakes, but he learns from them. His teacher says that practice is very important.

In the evening, Tom tells his parents about his day. He speaks slowly but clearly. They are proud of him because he works hard and enjoys learning English. Tom believes that good sentences help people understand each other better.

Useful Words and Expressions

sentence – предложение

word order – порядок слов

subject – подлежащее

verb – глагол

object – дополнение

rule – правило

mistake – ошибка

example – пример

to understand – понимать

to learn – учить, изучать

to practise – практиковаться

clearly – ясно, чётко

every day – каждый день

at school – в школе

after school – после школы

to pay attention – обращать внимание

to enjoy – получать удовольствие

to work hard – усердно работать

Exercises

Exercise 1. Put the words in the correct order

English / I / like

reads / she / every day / books

at school / are / they

homework / does / he / after school

sentence / a / writes / Tom

Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer

English sentences usually start with

a) the verb

b) the subject

c) the object

Which sentence is correct?

a) Likes she English.

b) She likes English.

c) English likes she.

Where is the verb in an English sentence?

a) at the end

b) after the subject

c) before the subject

Exercise 3. Answer the questions

Why does Tom like English lessons?

What rule helps Tom write good sentences?

What does Tom do after school?

Why are Tom’s parents proud of him?

How does Tom feel about learning English?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

I like English.

She reads books every day.

They are at school.

He does homework after school.

Tom writes a sentence.

Exercise 2

b) the subject

b) She likes English.

b) after the subject

Exercise 3

Tom likes English lessons because he learns new things and enjoys the subject. It is his favourite lesson at school.

The rule of clear word order helps Tom write good sentences. He knows where to place the subject and the verb.

After school, Tom does his homework at home. He also reads short stories and practises English.

Tom’s parents are proud of him because he works hard and enjoys learning. They see his progress every day.

Tom feels positive about learning English. He believes that good sentences help people understand each other better.

Grammar Focus

Личные местоимения в английском языке

Личные местоимения показывают, кто выполняет действие. В английском языке они всегда стоят перед глаголом.

Основные личные местоимения:

I – я

you – ты / вы

he – он

she – она

it – он / она / оно (для предметов и животных)

we – мы

they – они

В отличие от русского языка, местоимение нельзя опускать.

Am happy.

I am happy.

Глагол to be (быть)

Глагол to be используется:

для описания состояния

возраста

профессии

места нахождения

В настоящем времени он имеет три формы: am, is, are.

Examples:

I am a student. – Я ученик.

She is twelve years old. – Ей двенадцать лет.

They are at school. – Они в школе.

Вопросы и отрицания с to be

Вопрос: глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим.

Is he your friend? – Он твой друг?

Отрицание: добавляется not.

She is not tired. – Она не устала.

Типичные ошибки

She are my sister.

He twelve years old.

Is student.

Правильно:

She is my sister.

He is twelve years old.

He is a student.

Story

Anna is thirteen years old. She is a student at a small school near her home. Every morning she is ready for lessons on time. Her favourite subject is English, and she is very interested in it.

Anna has a best friend. His name is Mark. He is in the same class, and they are good classmates. Mark is friendly and helpful. He is often ready to explain difficult things.

At school, Anna and Mark are active students. They are not afraid of making mistakes. Their teacher is kind and patient. She is proud of her students because they try their best.

After school, Anna is at home with her family. Her parents are busy, but they are always supportive. Anna feels happy because she knows she is not alone. She believes that learning English is interesting and useful for her future.

Useful Words and Expressions

personal pronoun – личное местоимение

verb to be – глагол to be

student – ученик

classmate – одноклассник

favourite subject – любимый предмет

friendly – дружелюбный

helpful – полезный, готовый помочь

ready – готовый

proud – гордый

busy – занятый

kind – добрый

patient – терпеливый

at home – дома

at school – в школе

interested in – интересоваться

to explain – объяснять

to try one’s best – стараться изо всех сил

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct form of to be

I ___ thirteen years old.

They ___ good friends.

She ___ not ready for the test.

We ___ at school now.

He ___ my classmate.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer

Which sentence is correct?

a) She are my friend.

b) She is my friend.

c) She am my friend.

Choose the correct form:

«I ___ interested in English.»

a) are

b) is

c) am

Which sentence is a question?

a) They are at home.

b) Are they at home?

c) They not are at home.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions

How old is Anna and where does she study?

Who is Mark and what is he like?

Why is the teacher proud of the students?

Where is Anna after school?

How does Anna feel about learning English?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

I am thirteen years old.

They are good friends.

She is not ready for the test.

We are at school now.

He is my classmate.

Exercise 2

b) She is my friend.

c) am

b) Are they at home?

Exercise 3

Anna is thirteen years old and she studies at a small school near her home. She is a student there.

Mark is Anna’s best friend and classmate. He is friendly and helpful.

The teacher is proud of the students because they try their best and are not afraid of mistakes.

After school, Anna is at home with her family. She feels supported by her parents.

Anna feels positive about learning English. She believes it is interesting and useful for her future.

Mini Tips

Никогда не опускай местоимение в английском предложении.

Запомни: I – am, he/she/it – is, we/you/they – are.

Проверяй себя: если нет глагола действия, скорее всего нужен to be.

Grammar Focus

Конструкция there is / there are

Оборот there is / there are используется, чтобы сказать, что что-то существует или находится где-то. Он часто стоит в начале предложения и помогает представить новую информацию.

There is – используется с единственным числом и неисчисляемыми существительными.

There are – используется с множественным числом.

Examples:

There is a book on the desk. – На парте есть книга.

There are many students in the classroom. – В классе много учеников.

There is some milk in the fridge. – В холодильнике есть молоко.

Вопросы и отрицания

Вопрос: Is there / Are there ставится в начале.

Is there a library in your school? – В твоей школе есть библиотека?

Отрицание: добавляется not.

There is not a computer in the room. – В комнате нет компьютера.

There are not any parks near my house. – Рядом с моим домом нет парков.

Типичные ошибки школьников

There are a book on the table.

Is there many students?

There is five rooms.

Правильно:

There is a book on the table.

Are there many students?

There are five rooms.

Совет

Сначала посмотри на существительное после there – если оно во множественном числе, нужен there are.

Story

There is a new student in the school. His name is Alex, and he is happy to be there. On his first day, there is a lot to see. There is a big building, and there are many classrooms inside it.

In the classroom, there are desks near the windows and a board on the wall. There is a map above the teacher’s desk, and there are pictures on the walls. Alex looks around with interest because everything is new for him.

During the break, Alex walks around the school. There is a small library on the second floor. There are many books there, and there is a quiet place to read. In the schoolyard, there are students playing games, and there is a friendly atmosphere.

At the end of the day, Alex feels comfortable. There are kind teachers and helpful classmates around him. He understands that there is a good place for him in this school.

Useful Words and Expressions

there is – есть (ед. число)

there are – есть (мн. число)

classroom – класс

building – здание

desk – парта

wall – стена

map – карта

picture – картина

library – библиотека

schoolyard – школьный двор

break – перемена

atmosphere – атмосфера

comfortable – комфортно

around – вокруг

inside – внутри

on the wall – на стене

near – рядом

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose there is or there are

___ a park near my house.

___ many books on the shelf.

___ a computer in the classroom.

___ two windows in the room.

___ some students in the schoolyard.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer

Which sentence is correct?

a) There are a library in the school.

b) There is a library in the school.

c) There be a library in the school.

Choose the correct question:

a) Is there many desks in the room?

b) Are there many desks in the room?

c) Do there are many desks in the room?

Choose the correct sentence:

a) There is five pictures on the wall.

b) There are five pictures on the wall.

c) There are a picture on the wall.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions

Who is the new student and how does he feel at school?

What is there in the classroom?

Where is the library and what is it like?

What are the students doing in the schoolyard?

Why does Alex feel comfortable at the end of the day?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

There is a park near my house.

There are many books on the shelf.

There is a computer in the classroom.

There are two windows in the room.

There are some students in the schoolyard.

Exercise 2

b) There is a library in the school.

b) Are there many desks in the room?

b) There are five pictures on the wall.

Exercise 3

The new student is Alex, and he feels happy to be at the school. He is interested in his new place.

There are desks near the windows and a board on the wall. There is also a map above the teacher’s desk.

The library is on the second floor. It is quiet and has many books to read.

The students are playing games in the schoolyard. They create a friendly atmosphere.

Alex feels comfortable because there are kind teachers and helpful classmates. He understands that the school is a good place for him.

Mini Tips

После there всегда идёт форма глагола to be.

Не путай: what exists → there is / there are, what someone does → обычный глагол.

Проверяй число существительного сразу после there – это ключ к правильному выбору.

Grammar Focus

Притяжательные прилагательные

Притяжательные прилагательные показывают, кому что принадлежит. В английском языке они всегда стоят перед существительным и не изменяются по числу.

Основные притяжательные прилагательные:

my – мой, моя, мои

your – твой, ваш

his – его

her – её

its – его, её (для предметов и животных)

our – наш

their – их

Examples:

This is my book. – Это моя книга.

Her bag is on the desk. – Её сумка на парте.

Their school is new. – Их школа новая.

Важно помнить: притяжательное прилагательное не может стоять без существительного.

This book is my.

This book is mine. (другая часть речи)

This is my book.

Притяжательная форма с ’s

Форма ’s используется, чтобы показать принадлежность, чаще всего у людей и животных.

Tom’s book – книга Тома

The teacher’s desk – стол учителя

Если имя во множественном числе и оканчивается на -s, добавляется только апостроф:

The students’ classroom – класс учеников

Типичные ошибки

She book is on the table.

This is the bag of Anna.

The boy bag is blue.

Правильно:

Her book is on the table.

This is Anna’s bag.

The boy’s bag is blue.

Story

Kate is a student in a small town. Her school is not very big, but it is comfortable. Every morning she takes her bag and books and goes to school. Her favourite subject is English, and her teacher’s lessons are always interesting.

Kate’s best friend is Emma. Emma’s desk is near the window, and her notebook is always tidy. The girls like working together. Their projects are neat and creative, and the teacher often praises their work.

After school, Kate goes to Emma’s house. Emma’s parents are kind, and their home is warm and welcoming. Kate feels relaxed there. She understands that her friends’ support is important for her.

In the evening, Kate returns home. Her room is quiet, and her desk is ready for homework. Kate believes that her efforts and her family’s help make her stronger and more confident.

Useful Words and Expressions

possessive adjective – притяжательное прилагательное

ownership – принадлежность

book – книга

bag – сумка

desk – парта, письменный стол

notebook – тетрадь

friend – друг

parents – родители

project – проект

support – поддержка

tidy – аккуратный

comfortable – удобный

favourite subject – любимый предмет

to praise – хвалить

to return home – возвращаться домой

confident – уверенный

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct possessive adjective

This is ___ school. (I)

She likes ___ English lessons. (she)

They are in ___ classroom now. (they)

We do ___ homework after school. (we)

He forgot ___ notebook at home. (he)

Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer

Which sentence is correct?

a) This is Anna bag.

b) This is Anna’s bag.

c) This is bag Anna.

Choose the correct option:

«The teacher checked ___ projects.»

a) her

b) she

c) hers

Choose the correct sentence:

a) The boys’ books are on the desk.

b) The boy’s books are on the desk.

c) The boys books are on the desk.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions

What is Kate’s favourite subject and why does she like it?

Who is Emma and what can we say about her desk and notebook?

Why does the teacher praise the girls’ projects?

Where does Kate go after school and how does she feel there?

What helps Kate feel stronger and more confident?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

This is my school.

She likes her English lessons.

They are in their classroom now.

We do our homework after school.

He forgot his notebook at home.

Exercise 2

b) This is Anna’s bag.

a) her

a) The boys’ books are on the desk.

Exercise 3

Kate’s favourite subject is English because the lessons are interesting. Her teacher makes the subject enjoyable.

Emma is Kate’s best friend. Her desk is near the window, and her notebook is always tidy.

The teacher praises the girls’ projects because they are neat and creative. Their work shows effort and cooperation.

After school, Kate goes to Emma’s house. She feels relaxed and comfortable there.

Kate feels stronger and more confident because of her own efforts and her family’s help.

Mini Tips

Притяжательное прилагательное всегда стоит перед существительным.

Не путай his и her – смотри на владельца, а не на предмет.

Для людей и животных удобнее использовать ’s, чем конструкцию of.

Grammar Focus

Определённый и неопределённый артикли

Артикли используются, чтобы показать, какой предмет или человек упоминается. В английском языке есть три вида: a, an, the.

Неопределённые артикли: a / an

Используются с единственным числом, когда мы говорим о чем-то впервые или о неизвестном предмете.

a ставится перед словами, начинающимися с согласного звука.

an ставится перед словами, начинающимися с гласного звука.

Examples:

I saw a cat in the garden. – Я видел кошку в саду.

She wants an apple. – Она хочет яблоко.

Определённый артикль: the

Используется, когда предмет уже известен собеседнику, или мы говорим о единственном в своём роде объекте.

Также используется с географическими названиями (реки, моря, группы островов).

Examples:

The cat is on the roof. – Эта кошка на крыше.

The sun is bright today. – Солнце сегодня яркое.

Типичные ошибки школьников

I saw an cat.

She wants a apple.

Sun is hot today.

Правильно

I saw a cat.

She wants an apple.

The sun is hot today.

Совет

Если не знаешь, это первый раз, когда ты говоришь о предмете – используй a / an.

Если предмет уже известен или уникален – используй the.

Story

Tom likes walking in his town. One day he saw a dog in the park. It was a small dog with brown fur. He decided to follow the dog because it looked friendly. Soon, he found an apple on the grass. He picked it up and gave it to the dog.

Later, Tom went to the library. He borrowed a book about animals. The book told about the sun, the stars, and the oceans. He liked reading because it helped him learn new things. In the evening, Tom returned the book to the library and walked home. The street was quiet, and the trees were beautiful. He thought about the dog, the apple, and the library, and he felt happy that he spent his day well.