Учимся писать сочинения, эссе и рассказы на английском. Практическое руководство для школьников с упражнениями и примерами

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Read the essay and mark which sentences show similarities and which show differences.
Exercise 2. Linking words
Match the linking words with their function:
both →…
similarly →…
however →…
on the other hand →…
in contrast →…
Exercise 3. Personal practice
Answer in 2—3 sentences each:
Compare your hometown with another city or town.
Name two similarities between them.
Name two differences.
Which place do you prefer and why?
Can you describe an activity that is better in one place than the other?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
Similarities: Both offer unique experiences and opportunities… Similarly, the city offers cultural events…
Differences: City life can be noisy… On the other hand, country life is peaceful…
Exercise 2
both → showing similarity
similarly → adding similarity
however → introducing contrast
on the other hand → introducing opposite side
in contrast → showing difference
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I compare my small town with the capital city.
Both have schools and parks for children.
The city is crowded and noisy, while my town is peaceful and quiet.
I prefer my town because I like calm surroundings.
Shopping is better in the city because there are more stores.
Mini Tips
Use separate paragraphs for similarities and differences.
Use linking words to make comparison clear.
Provide specific examples to support each point.
In the conclusion, summarize your findings and give your preference if needed.
Avoid mixing personal opinion with facts in the comparison paragraphs – leave opinion for the conclusion.
Writing a Cause and Effect Essay
Writing Focus: Cause and Effect Essay
Cause and effect essay – это эссе, в котором нужно показать причину (why something happened) и следствие (what happened as a result). Цель – помочь читателю понять взаимосвязь событий или явлений.
Особенности стиля:
Чёткая структура: Introduction → Causes → Effects → Conclusion.
Используются слова-связки для причин и следствий: because, due to, as a result, therefore, consequently, so.
Каждый параграф должен содержать конкретные примеры или факты.
Можно писать от первого лица (I think…), но формальный стиль предпочтительнее.
В заключении подводим итог: причины и последствия, личное мнение или вывод.
Советы для школьников:
Определите главную тему эссе: какое событие или явление вы анализируете.
Чётко разграничивайте причины и последствия.
Используйте примеры из жизни, истории или науки.
Связки помогают показать логическую последовательность.
Model Essay
Title: The Effects of Watching Too Much TV
Nowadays, many teenagers watch a lot of television, and this can have negative effects. There are several reasons why people watch too much TV, and these reasons lead to different consequences.
Firstly, watching TV is entertaining and easy. After a long day at school, many teenagers prefer to relax in front of the screen rather than doing homework or reading books. Secondly, TV programs are attractive and sometimes addictive. The variety of shows and the excitement of new episodes make people spend hours watching.
As a result, excessive TV watching can affect school performance. Students may have less time for studying and completing assignments. In addition, watching too much TV can reduce physical activity, leading to health problems like weight gain or fatigue. Furthermore, it may affect social life because teenagers spend more time alone or with family instead of friends.
In conclusion, watching too much TV has several causes, such as relaxation and attractive programs, and many negative effects, including poor school performance, health issues, and less social interaction. Therefore, teenagers should balance their time and spend more hours on study, sports, and hobbies.
Useful Words and Expressions
cause and effect essay – эссе о причинах и следствиях
cause – причина
effect – следствие
because – потому что
due to – из-за
as a result – в результате
therefore – следовательно
consequently – следовательно, поэтому
so – поэтому
lead to – приводить к
result in – привести к
as a consequence – в качестве следствия
impact – влияние
negative / positive effect – отрицательный / положительный эффект
excessive – чрезмерный
health problems – проблемы со здоровьем
reduce – уменьшать
social life – социальная жизнь
balance time – распределять время
hobby – хобби
Exercises
Exercise 1. Identify causes and effects
Read the essay and mark sentences that describe causes and sentences that describe effects.
Exercise 2. Linking words
Match linking words/phrases with their function:
because →…
due to →…
as a result →…
therefore →…
consequently →…
Exercise 3. Personal practice
Answer in 2—3 sentences each:
Name one habit that has both causes and effects in your life.
What is the main cause of this habit?
What are two effects of this habit?
How could you reduce the negative effects?
Do you think the positive effects outweigh the negative effects?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
Causes: Watching TV is entertaining and easy… TV programs are attractive and sometimes addictive.
Effects: Excessive TV watching can affect school performance… reduce physical activity… affect social life.
Exercise 2
because → showing reason
due to → showing reason
as a result → showing consequence
therefore → showing conclusion or consequence
consequently → showing consequence
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
My habit is spending too much time on my phone.
The main cause is boredom and easy access to apps.
Two effects are less time for homework and less sleep.
I could reduce negative effects by setting a daily time limit.
No, the negative effects outweigh the positive effects because it affects my health and studies.
Mini Tips
Always separate causes and effects clearly in paragraphs.
Use linking words to show relationships.
Provide examples or personal experiences to illustrate points.
Conclude by summarizing causes and effects and giving advice or opinion.
Check that your essay flows logically from cause to effect.
Writing an Informal Email
Writing Focus: Informal Email
Informal email – это письмо другу, родственнику или знакомому. Главное – дружелюбный, простой и понятный стиль. В отличие от формального письма, здесь можно использовать сокращения, эмоциональные выражения и личные истории.
Особенности стиля:
Начало письма: Dear [Name], Hi [Name], Hello [Name]
Вступление: коротко о том, почему пишете или как дела.
Основная часть: делитесь новостями, историями, впечатлениями, задавайте вопросы.
Заключение: выражение надежды на ответ, прощание.
Завершение письма: Best wishes, Cheers, See you soon, Love,
Используются повседневные слова, разговорные выражения, эмоции: excited, amazing, can’t wait, guess what.
Советы для школьников:
Пишите просто и естественно, как говорите в жизни.
Задавайте вопросы, чтобы другой человек мог легко ответить.
Добавляйте небольшие личные истории или впечатления.
Проверяйте орфографию и грамматику, но стиль дружелюбный.
Model Email
Subject: My Summer Holiday
Hi Emma,
I hope you are doing well! I just wanted to tell you about my summer holiday because it was amazing. Last month, my family and I went to the seaside for two weeks. The weather was perfect, sunny and warm every day. We swam in the sea, built sandcastles, and tried some new seafood. I was really excited because it was my first time on a boat, and I even saw dolphins!
In the evenings, we walked along the beach and watched the sunset. It was so beautiful that I took many photos. I also met some friendly kids from another town, and we played games together.
How was your summer? Did you do anything exciting or new? I can’t wait to hear about it.
See you soon,
Anna
Useful Words and Expressions
informal email – неформальное письмо
Hi / Hello / Dear – приветствие
I hope you are doing well – надеюсь, у тебя всё хорошо
just wanted to tell you – просто хотела рассказать
amazing – потрясающий
I was really excited – я был (а) в восторге
guess what – угадай что
can’t wait – не могу дождаться
in the evenings – по вечерам
walked along – гулял (а) вдоль
sunset – закат
tried some new… – попробовал (а) новое…
played games – играл (а) в игры
first time – первый раз
friendly kids – дружелюбные дети
tell me about… – расскажи мне о…
see you soon – до скорого
best wishes – всего наилучшего
Love – с любовью / тепло
exciting – захватывающий, интересный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Identify parts of the email
Mark the Greeting, Introduction, Body, Questions, Closing.
Exercise 2. Match phrases
Match the phrases with their function:
I hope you are doing well →…
I just wanted to tell you →…
How was your summer? →…
See you soon →…
Can’t wait to hear from you →…
Exercise 3. Personal practice
Write 2—3 sentences answers:
Who would you write an informal email to?
What would you tell them about?
Ask one question to your friend in the email.
How would you end the email?
Give an example of an expression you would use to show excitement.
Answer Key
Exercise 1
Greeting: Hi Emma,
Introduction: I hope you are doing well! I just wanted to tell you about my summer holiday…
Body: Last month, my family and I went to the seaside… I was really excited…
Questions: How was your summer? Did you do anything exciting or new?
Closing: See you soon, Anna
Exercise 2
I hope you are doing well → greeting / introduction
I just wanted to tell you → starting the story / body
How was your summer? → asking a question
See you soon → closing / farewell
Can’t wait to hear from you → expressing anticipation / closing
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I would write an email to my best friend.
I would tell them about my school trip last week.
Did you go anywhere interesting during the holidays?
I would end the email with «See you soon» or «Best wishes».
I could say, «I was so excited to try it!»
Mini Tips
Keep it friendly and natural, like talking to a friend.
Include questions to encourage a reply.
Use expressions for emotions and excitement.
Check grammar and spelling, but don’t overcomplicate.
End with a friendly closing: See you soon, Best wishes, Love.
Writing a Formal Email
Writing Focus: Formal Email
Formal email – это письмо, предназначенное для учителей, администрации школы, организаций или незнакомых людей. Основная цель – сообщить информацию или запросить что-то официально, вежливо и ясно.
Особенности стиля:
Начало письма: Dear Mr./Ms. [Surname], Dear Sir/Madam,
Вступление: кратко представьтесь и объясните цель письма.
Основная часть: детально объясните вопрос, просьбу или ситуацию.
Заключение: выразите надежду на ответ или действие, поблагодарите.
Завершение письма: Yours sincerely, Yours faithfully, Best regards,
Язык формальный: избегаем разговорных слов и эмоций, используем стандартные выражения.
Советы для школьников:
Всегда указывайте причину письма в первом абзаце.
Используйте вежливые фразы, например: I would be grateful if…, Could you please…, I am writing to…
Структурируйте письмо по абзацам: вступление → детали → просьба/завершение.
Проверяйте грамматику и орфографию.
Model Email
Subject: Request for Permission to Attend a Workshop
Dear Mr. Smith,
I am writing to request your permission to attend the English Literature Workshop next Friday. I am a student in your 10th-grade class, and I believe this workshop will help me improve my writing skills.
The workshop will take place from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. at the city library. I have checked my schedule, and I do not have any important lessons at that time. I would be very grateful if you could allow me to attend the workshop.
Thank you very much for considering my request. I look forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Alex Johnson
Useful Words and Expressions
formal email – официальное письмо
Dear Mr./Ms./Sir/Madam – обращение
I am writing to… – Я пишу, чтобы…
I would be grateful if… – Я был бы благодарен, если…
Could you please… – Не могли бы вы…
I look forward to your reply – Жду вашего ответа
Yours sincerely – Искренне ваш (если знаете имя)
Yours faithfully – С уважением (если не знаете имя)
Best regards – С наилучшими пожеланиями
request permission – просить разрешение
consider my request – рассмотреть мою просьбу
attend – посещать
schedule – расписание
improve skills – улучшать навыки
workshop – семинар, мастер-класс
believe – считать, полагать
very grateful – очень благодарен
check schedule – проверить расписание
important lesson – важный урок
reply – ответ
Exercises
Exercise 1. Identify parts of the email
Mark Greeting, Introduction, Body, Request/Details, Closing.
Exercise 2. Match phrases
Match the phrases with their function:
I am writing to… →…
I would be grateful if… →…
Could you please… →…
I look forward to your reply →…
Yours sincerely →…
Exercise 3. Personal practice
Answer in 2—3 sentences each:
Write a reason for sending a formal email.
What is your request or question?
How would you politely ask for help or permission?
How would you end the email formally?
What details should you include to make your request clear?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
Greeting: Dear Mr. Smith,
Introduction: I am writing to request your permission…
Body: The workshop will take place… I have checked my schedule…
Request/Details: I would be very grateful if you could allow me…
Closing: Thank you very much… I look forward to your reply. Yours sincerely, Alex Johnson
Exercise 2
I am writing to… → introduction / explain reason
I would be grateful if… → polite request
Could you please… → polite question/request
I look forward to your reply → closing / expectation
Yours sincerely → formal closing
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I am writing to ask permission to join a school trip.
I would like to know if I can participate in the trip next week.
I would be grateful if you could allow me to attend.
I would end with: Yours faithfully, [Your Name]
Include the date, location, reason, and any relevant schedule information.
Mini Tips
Keep the email clear and concise.
Use polite and formal expressions.
Structure your email in logical paragraphs.
Always include details to avoid confusion.
End with formal closing and check spelling/grammar.
Writing a Letter of Complaint
Writing Focus: Letter of Complaint
Letter of Complaint – это письмо, в котором нужно вежливо сообщить о проблеме и попросить исправить ситуацию. Главная цель – показать факт, объяснить проблему и предложить решение, оставаясь вежливым и официальным.
Особенности стиля:
Начало письма: Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Customer Service, To whom it may concern,
Вступление: коротко объясните, кто вы и что произошло.
Основная часть: подробно описываете проблему, когда и где она произошла, и её последствия.
Заключение: вежливо попросите решение или компенсацию.
Завершение письма: Yours sincerely, Yours faithfully, Best regards,
Используется формальный и вежливый язык: I am writing to complain about…, I would appreciate it if…, I look forward to your prompt response.
Советы для школьников:
Опишите ситуацию ясно и точно.
Используйте вежливые выражения, даже если проблема серьёзная.
Не используйте эмоциональные или оскорбительные слова.
Предложите конкретное решение или просьбу.
Model Letter
Subject: Complaint About a Faulty Laptop
Dear Customer Service,
I am writing to complain about a laptop I purchased from your store last month. The laptop stopped working properly after only two weeks. The screen freezes frequently, and the battery does not hold a charge.
I have tried restarting the laptop and following the instructions in the manual, but the problems continue. I am very disappointed because I expected a high-quality product and paid a significant amount of money.
I would appreciate it if you could either repair the laptop or provide a replacement as soon as possible. I look forward to your prompt response.
Yours faithfully,
James Parker
Useful Words and Expressions
letter of complaint – письмо с жалобой
Dear Sir/Madam – обращение
I am writing to complain about… – Я пишу, чтобы пожаловаться на…
I would appreciate it if… – Буду признателен, если…
I look forward to your prompt response – Жду вашего быстрого ответа
faulty – неисправный
disappointed – разочарован
repair – отремонтировать
replacement – замена
significant amount – значительная сумма
problem / issue – проблема
after only two weeks – всего через две недели
battery does not hold a charge – батарея быстро разряжается
stopped working properly – перестал работать нормально
high-quality product – качественный продукт
instructions / manual – инструкция / руководство
resolve the issue – решить проблему
customer service – служба поддержки
promptly – быстро, незамедлительно
I expect – я ожидаю
Exercises
Exercise 1. Identify parts of the letter
Mark Greeting, Introduction, Problem Description, Request/Solution, Closing.
Exercise 2. Match phrases
Match the phrases with their function:
I am writing to complain about… →…
I would appreciate it if… →…
I look forward to your prompt response →…
Yours faithfully →…
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