The Law of Civilization and Decay
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And yet, though thus alike, a profound difference separates Roman architecture from our own; the Romans were never wholly sordid, nor did they ever niggle. When they built a wall, that wall was solid masonry, not painted iron; and, even down to Constantine, one chord remained which, when struck, would always vibrate. Usurers may have sat in the Senate, but barbarians filled the legions, and, as long as the triumph wound its way through the Forum, men knew how to raise triumphal arches to the victor. Perhaps, in all the ages, no more serious or majestic monument has been conceived to commemorate the soldier than the column of Trajan, a monument which it has been the ambition of our century to copy.
In Paris an imitation of this trophy was erected to the greatest captain of France, and the column of the Place Vendôme serves to mark the grave of the modern martial blood. Raised in 1810, almost at the moment when Nathan Rothschild became despot of the London Stock Exchange, the tide from thence ran swiftly, and, since Sedan, the present generation has drained to the lees the cup of realism.
No poetry can bloom in the arid modern soil, the drama has died, and the patrons of art are no longer even conscious of shame at profaning the most sacred of ideals. The ecstatic dream, which some twelfth-century monk cut into the stones of the sanctuary hallowed by the presence of his God, is reproduced to bedizen a warehouse; or the plan of an abbey, which Saint Hugh may have consecrated, is adapted to a railway station.
Decade by decade, for some four hundred years, these phenomena have grown more sharply marked in Europe, and, as consolidation apparently nears its climax, art seems to presage approaching disintegration. The architecture, the sculpture, and the coinage of London at the close of the nineteenth century, when compared with those of the Paris of Saint Louis, recall the Rome of Caracalla as contrasted with the Athens of Pericles, save that we lack the stream of barbarian blood which made the Middle Age.
1
History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 288, 290.
2
History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 576. Niebuhr has been followed in the text, although the “nexum” is one of the vexed points of Roman law. (See Über das altrömische Schuldrecht, Savigny.) The precise form of the contract is, however, perhaps, not very important for the matter in hand, as most scholars seem agreed that it resembled a mortgage, the breach of whose condition involved not only the loss of the pledge, but the personal liberty of the debtor. See Gaius, iv. 21.
3
History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., ii. 599. But compare Aulus Gellius, xx. 1.
4
Ibid., i. 582.
5
History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 583.
6
History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 472.
7
Livy, xlv. 18.
8
History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 583.
9
Ibid., ii. 603.
10
History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 574.
11
Preface to Virginia.
12
History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 484.
13
See History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 298–9.
14
See History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., iii. 22, 30.
15
Preface to Virginia, Macaulay.
16
Histoire de l’Esclavage, Wallon, ii. 38.
17
Suet. Aug., ii. 41.
18
Tacitus, Ann., ii. 48.
19
Ann., vi. 39.
20
Ibid., iv. 21.
21
Sat., iii. 164.
22
L’Invasion Germanique, Fustel de Coulanges, 146–157.
23
Diod. xxxiv. 38. On the subject of the Sicilian slavery, see Histoire de l’Esclavage, Wallon, ii. 300 et seq.
24
Polybius, ii. 15, Shuckburgh’s trans.
25
Provinces of the Roman Empire, Mommsen, ii. 233.
26
Ibid., ii. 239.
27
Deipnosophists, v. 37.
28
Martial, Ep., xii. 76.
29
Vopiscus, Aurelianus, 35.
30
L’Invasion Germanique, Fustel de Coulanges, 190.
31
Le Colonat Romain: Recherches sur quelques Problèmes d’Histoire, Fustel de Coulanges, 143.
32
Organisation Financière chez les Romains, Marquardt, 65 et seq.
33
Tacitus, Ann., Murphy’s trans., iii. 53.
34
Nat. Hist., xii. 18.
35
Vopiscus, Saturninus, 8.
36
Provinces of the Roman Empire, Mommsen, ii. 140.
37
Ann., vi. 16, 17.
38
See Geschichte des Römischen Münzwesens, Mommsen, 756.
39
Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 51, 52.
40
Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 50.
41
Geschichte des Römischen Münzwesens, Mommsen, 837.
42
Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 51, 52.
43
Pliny’s Letters, iii. 19.
44
Ibid., ix. 37.
45
Digest, xix. 2, 15, and xxxiii. 7, 20.
46
Letters, x. 24. On this whole subject see Le Colonat Romain: Recherches sur quelques Problèmes d’Histoire, Fustel de Coulanges, ch. i.
47
Code of Justinian, xi. 51, 1.
48
Le Colonat Romain, Fustel de Coulanges, 21.
49
Organisation Financière chez les Romains, Marquardt, 240; Les Manieurs d’Argent à Rome, Deloume, 377.
50
See Decline and Fall, ch. xvii.
51
In C. Verrem, IV. lxxxix.
52
Cicero’s Letters, Ad Att. vi. 2; also Ad Att. v. 21, and vi. 1.
53
Diod. xxxvi. 3. See also Histoire de l’Esclavage, Wallon, ii. 42, 44.
54
Satire, viii. 89, 90.
55
Letters, viii. 24.
56
Dio Cassius, lxii. 2.
57
Nat. Hist., xiv., Proœmium.
58
Decline and Fall, ch. xvii.
59
Morals, Trans. of 1718, 4, 11.
60
Histoire de l’Esclavage, iii. 268.
61
Decline and Fall, ch. xii.
62
L’Invasion Germanique, 200, 204, 223.
63
Dio Cassius, lvi. 7.
64
Dio Cassius, lvi. 5–8.
65
Ann., iii. 25.
66
Ibid., xxviii. Latin literature is full of references to these famous laws. Tacitus, Pliny, Juvenal, and Martial constantly speak of them. There were also many commentaries on them by Roman jurists.
67
L’Organisation Militaire chez les Romains, Marquardt, 143.
68
Dio Cassius, lxxiv. 2.
69
Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 50.
70
History of the Byzantine Empire, Finlay, 9.
71
Vopiscus, Tacitus, 10.
72
Greece under the Romans, George Finlay, 214.
73
Byzantine Empire, Finlay, 256.
74
Byzantine Architecture, Texier, 24.
75
Decline and Fall, ch. lii.
76
Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, trans. from the Hebrew by Asher, 54.
77
Monnaies Byzantines, i. 26.
78
See treaty with Bohemund. Anna Comnena, xiii. 7.
79
L’Art Byzantin, Bayet, 16, 17.
80
Theb., iii. 661.
81
Decline and Fall, ch. xx.
82
Mark v. 28, 30.
83
Chronicles, ii. 124.
84
Anglican Schism, Sander, trans. by Lewis, 143.
85
A Relation, or rather a True Account of the Island of England, Camden Soc. 30.
86
Cal. x. No. 364. References to the calendar of State papers edited by Messrs. Brewer and Gairdner will be made by this word only.
87
Histoire du Sacrament de l’Eucharistie, Corblet, i. 474. See also on this subject Cæsarii Dialogus Miraculorum; De Corpore Christi.
88
Hist. Lit. de la France, xxii. 119.
89
Les Moines d’Occident, Montalembert, vi. 34.
90
Histoire de la Grande-Sauve, ii. 13.
91
Monasticon, v. 628, Ed. 1846.
92
Les Moines d’Occident, Montalembert, vi. 101.
93
Sacerdotal Celibacy, Lea, 129.
94
Annales Lauressenses, Perz, i. 188.
95
Recueil des Chartes de l’Abbaye de Cluny, Bruel, i. 124.
96
Bull. Clun., p. 2, col. 1. Also Manuel des Institutions Françaises, Luchaire, 93, 95, where the authorities are collected.
97
Annales Ecclesiastici, Baronius, year 1076.
98
Migne, cxlviii. 790.
99
Decline and Fall, ch. lx.
100
Dictionnaire de l’Architecture, v. 50.
101
Annales Ecclesiastici, Baronius, year 1095.
102
Les Familles d’Outre-Mer, ed. Rey, 3.
103
Dictionnaire de l’Architecture, viii. 108.
104
L’Art Arabe, 111 et seq.
105
L’Art Arabe, 203.
106
Mélanges, 458.
107
See Dictionnaire de l’Architecture, Viollet-le-Duc, vi. 446.
108
See Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, Vogüé, 217; Notre Dame de Noyon; Études sur l’Histoire de l’Art, Vitet, ii. 122; Dictionnaire de L’Architecture, Viollet-le-Duc, ii. 301.
109
Hist. des Croisades, xii. 7.
110
See, on the Syrian castles, Étude sur les Monuments de l’Architecture Militaire des Croisés en Syrie, Rey.
111
Letter 363, ed. 1877, Paris.
112
Sancti Bernardi, Vita et Res Gestae, Auctore Guillelmo, 1–3.
113
Secunda Vita S. Bernardi Auctore Alano, vi.
114
Exordium Magnum Cisterciense, viii.
115
Nos. 363 and 423, ed. of 1877, Paris.
116
Letter 363.
117
De Vita S. Bernardi, Auctore Gaufrido, iv. 5.
118
Letter 256, ed. of 1877, Paris.
119
Hist. des Croisades, xvi. 25.
120
Hist. des Croisades, xvi. 27.
121
De Consideratione, ii. 1.
122
Willam of Tyre, xvi. 11, 12.
123
Les Familles d’Outre-Mer, Du Cange, 405.
124
Histoire de la Commerce de la France, 132.
125
Histoire du Commerce du Levant, Heyd, French trans., i. 163.
126
Histoire du Levant, Heyd, French trans., i. 95.
127
See, on this question of cheaper money in the Carlovingian period, Nouveau Manuel de Numismatique, Blanchet, i. 101; also Histoire du Commerce de la France, Pigeonneau, 87 et seq.
128
Le Monete di Venezia, Papadopoli, 73.
129
Ville-Hardouin, ed. Wailly, xiv. 65.
130
Ibid.
131
Historiens de la France, xix. 23.
132
Patrologiæ Cursus Completus, Migne, ccxiv. 1180.
133
Historiens de la France, xix. 421.
134
Chronique, ed. Buchon, 44.
135
Ville-Hardouin, ed. Buchon, 51.
136
Chronique de Ville-Hardouin, ed. Buchon, 69.
137
Chronique, ed. Wailly, xxxvii. 178.
138
Chronique, ed. Wailly, lii. 239.
139
Chronique, ed. Buchon, 96.
140
Chronique, ed. Buchon, 99.
141
Patrologiæ Cursus Completus, Migne, ccxv. 454.
142
Migne, ccxv. 712.
143
Historia Captæ a Latinis Constantinopoleos, Migne, ccxii. 19.
144
Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 3d series, ii. 353.
145
Histoire del’Abbaye de Saint Denis, D’Ayzac, i. 361–9.
146
Vie de Louis le Gros, Suger, ed. Molinier, 61, 62.
147
Vie de Louis le Gros, Suger, ed. Molinier, 70.
148
Ibid., 18.
149
Suger, ed. Molinier, 18.
150
Ibid.
151
Études sur les origines de la commune de Saint Quentin, Giry, 9.
152
See Études sur les Faires de Champagne, Bourquelot, 72, 74; and generally on this subject.
153
Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 221–225.
154
Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 85.
155
Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 233–234.
156
Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 260.
157
Documents sur les Relations de la Royauté avec les Villes de France, Giry, 59, 61.
158
Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 189.
159
Manuel des Institutions Françaises, Luchaire, 535.
160
Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 283.
161
Mémoires du Duc de Saint-Simon, ed. 1874, xii. 19.
162
Le Commerce de Marseille au Moyen Age, Blancard, 3.
163
La Libertà delle Banche a Venezia, Lattes, 26.
164
Les Grandes Compagnies de Commerce, Bonnassieux, 23.
165
La Rapport entre l’or et l’argent au Temps de Saint Louis, Marchéville, 22, 33.
166
Ibid., 42.
167
Les Communes Françaises, 200, 201.
168
The documents relating to the controversy are printed in the Histoire du Differend, Dupuy.
169
Dupuy, 48.
170
Ibid., 44.
171
See letters of Beauvais and Laon, of 1303, Documents, Giry, 160.
172
Dupuy, 55.
173
Dupuy, 351. Articles presented June, 1303.
174
See Cronica di Villani, viii. 63.
175
Cronica di Villani, viii. 80. Also Ann. Eccl., Baronius, year 1305.
176
Documents Inédits sur l’Histoire de France, Procès des Templiers, Michelet, i. 166.
177
Procès des Templiers, Michelet, i. 37.
178
Ibid., 264.
179
Ibid., 75.
180
Cronica di Villani, viii. 92.
181
Continuatio Chronici Guilelmi de Nangiaco, mcccxiii.
182
La Maison du Temple, Curzon, 200, 204.
183
A History of Agriculture and Prices, J. E. Thorold Rogers, iv. 72.
184
On Justification, Works, i. 60.
185
On Justification, Works, i. 51.
186
Institutes, I. vii. 1 and 5.
187
Zwinglis Theologie, August Baur, 319, 320.
188
Institutes, IV. viii. 9.
189
John Wicliffe and his English Precursors, Lechler, Eng. trans., 302.
190
Lechler, 349, note 1.
191
Lechler, 348, note. Extract from De Eucharistia.
192
Acts and Monuments, iii. 204, 205.
193
The Praise of Folie, 1541. Englished by Sir Thomas Challoner.
194
Parl. Hist., Cobbett, i. 295.
195
Ibid., 310.
196
A Supplicacyon for Beggers, 2. Early Eng. Text Soc.
197
Acts and Monuments, v. 404.
198
Ibid., iii. 218.
199
Acts and Monuments, iv. 196.
200
Agriculture and Prices, iv. 18.
201
Reformation of the Church of England, Blunt, ii. 222.
202
Acts and Monuments, iv. 706.
203
Industrial and Commercial History of England, Rogers, 48.
204
Agriculture and Prices, iv. 715.
205
Agriculture and Prices, iv. 454.
206
Ibid., iv. 200. For the average prices of grain see tables in vol. i. 245, and iv. 292.
207
Agriculture and Prices, iv. 734.
208
Chapuys to Granville, Cal. ix. No. 862. The State Papers edited by Messrs. Brewer and Gairdner are referred to by the word “Cal.”
209
Acts and Monuments, v. 365.
210
State Papers, ii. 552.
211
Chronicles, 1, clxvii.
212
Chapuys to Perrenot, Cal. x. No. 901.
213
See Anne Boleyn, Friedmann, i. 43, and elsewhere.
214
Cal. x. No. 908.
215
Burleigh and his Times, Essays.
216
Cal. vii. No. 296.
217
Ibid., xi. No. 576, Chapuys to Charles.
218
Ibid., xi. No. 576.
219
Ibid., xi. No. 864.
220
Cal. xi. No. 1045.
221
Cal. xi. No. 729.
222
Ibid., xi. No. 826.
223
Ibid., xii. pt. i. No. 698.
224
Cal. xii. pt. i. No. 976.
225
Marillac au Connétable, Kaulek, 211.
226
Acts and Monuments, v. 180.
227
Cal. viii. No. 726.
228
Sander, Lewis’ trans., 119.
229
State Papers, i. 538.
230
Cal. xii. pt. i. No. 498.
231
Kaulek, 193, 194.
232
Ibid., 82.
233
Cal. x. No. 909.
234
Kaulek, 274; Sander, Lewis, 162, and note 2.
235
Kaulek, 50.
236
Lettres de Henri VIII à Anne Boleyn, Crapelet, Lettre 3.
237
Kaulek, 199.
238
Acts and Monuments, v. 229.
239
History of England, chap. 1.
240
Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism, Sander, trans. by Lewis, 161.