- -
- 100%
- +
There is a wealth of experiences, thoughts and beliefs that encapsulate our personal history, the period of history in which we live and the sociocultural, political, economic and religious conditioning to which we subscribe, either consciously or unconsciously.
Therefore, we must be aware that “objectivity” is relative and that the conclusions we reach are far from being “the only possible explanation”. In the best-case scenario, it will be one more that would proffer, from a new perspective, other items of evidence in order to grasp our complex world.
This is how I wish my contributions on the problem of money to be taken. They are nothing less than a tenacious and persevering exploration of an irksome question, often regarded as a taboo.
Being aware of their complexity, I have endeavoured to present my ideas as honestly as possible, including reflections that may seem to contradict or diverge from the formulated hypotheses.
Although money is omnipresent in daily life and unavoidable in social interaction – in our culture – many of its aspects are silenced and omitted. And this silencing is neither ingenuous nor harmless. On the contrary, it responds to entrenched beliefs and interests that I believe warrant explanation.
I will therefore attempt to highlight some of these interests and beliefs by providing referential frameworks that outlined and conditioned my research, perceptions, reflections and conclusions regarding “money”.
My approach seeks to put forward certain psychological and socio-cultural variables.
They are brought together in the analysis and interpretation of the facts and knowledge gleaned from my psychoanalytical background, and from theories and practices related to the task forces and what is known as women’s studies.4
I wish to underline that the central axis of this problem, for both women and men, is the questioning of patriarchal ideology, which is strongly related to Western Judeo-Christian5 culture.6 This ideology, in turn, contains convergence points with capitalism.
As patriarchy has been widely studied, I will only briefly outline its precepts in order to familiarize the reader with it. Thus I draw attention to the extensive research by Hamilton, Fudges, Oakley, Mitchell, Zaretsky, Groult, Astelarra and Borneman, among others (VI).
Patriarchal ideology conforms to the definition put forward by Schilder: “ideologies are systems of ideas and connotations that men hold in order to better guide their actions. To a greater or lesser extent, they are profoundly conscious or unconscious thoughts, held by those who uphold them as the result of pure reasoning, but which, however, often differ little from the religious beliefs with which they share a high degree of internal evidence despite a lack of empirical evidence” (VII).
The prevailing ideas of patriarchal ideology revolve around the basic premise of men’s superiority over women, a belief that leads to the establishment of the differences between sexes as one of hierarchy in which males are at the top of the ladder. From this vantage point, they exercise control and perpetuate an order, which contributes to the consolidation of women’s oppression. This hierachization justifies and endorses men’s domination over women.
The fundamental assumption of male superiority draws on biologist, naturalist and essentialist theories. It explains the hierarchical differences between the sexes as the result of exclusively biological factors that are, therefore, immutable. It relates sex with gender, omitting cultural factors that come into play in the learning and development of sexual gender. At the same time, it maintains that femininity and masculinity respond to an essence and that social roles are the expression of this essence.
This ideology is present in monotheistic religions such as Judaism and Christianity, not only in in the figure of its maximum exponent, God the Father but also, and fundamentally, in the claims of the prophets and apostles who emphasized women’s inferiority as the result of a divine plan.
This ideology promotes a sexual division through work whereby men are assigned to production and the public realm while women are for reproduction and the private and domestic realm. Among other things, this closely associates women’s activities with maternity and domesticity, thus contributing to the identification of the woman with Mother. The characteristics attributed to motherhood are regarded as “essentially” feminine.
Patriarchy tends to establish a strict control over female sexuality, among other aspects, through familiar institutions that demand, for example, fidelity of the woman but not of the man. As J. Mitchel (VIII) observes, the transition from polygamy to monogamy did not signify equality of sexual freedom.
In short, patriarchal ideology, sustained by biologism, emphasizes the essentiality of the differences between the sexes. It validates a heirarchialized relationship that expresses women’s oppression in all areas of social functioning: sexual, economic, intellectual, political, religious, psychological and emotional oppression, among others.
The contents
This book is aimed at professionals in social sciences and men and women interested in the subject matter.
It covers topics related to women and includes a chapter addressing the dilemma concerning men’s relationship with money. Other chapters, such as those referring to psychotherapeutic treatments, are dealt with in detail for readers interested in a psychological approach.
The topics concerning women centre on the situation of economic dependence and its varied expressions. This dependence is set within a broader and more complex problem, namely that of economic marginalization and the significance money acquires for women. Cultural changes that have given women access to education and money have lessened neither this marginalization nor the attitudes of subordination by men.
This book develops the hypothesis of an internal, unconscious conflict between the desire to attain the ideal woman – responding to the maternal image and all the characteristics that patriarchy attributes to it – and the woman’s need to interact effectively and autonomously in today’s world, where they enjoy greater access to the public realm and to money.
I go on to describe the gruelling and silent struggle that women unconsciously endure and from which they emerge with differing outcomes.
This hypothesis is complemented by an analysis of certain phantasms,7 chiefly the phantasm of prostitution, which attempts to explain many of the difficulties that women encounter in their daily dealings with money.
The section given over to men outlines their ensnarement in the “money-making” trap. Associated with sexual prowess, money becomes almost an indicator of masculinity. It analyzes a particular model of sexual power based on quantity – which is linked to consumerist demands of capitalism8 – and how the expression “time is money” is representative of a trap for men that promotes the omnipotent illusion of inexhaustibility. It is an illusion that seeks to counter the anxiety of castration, understood in its broadest sense as finitude and death.
This first book on the subject attempts to explain and convey the following ideas:
1 Money is a taboo subject in our culture. It is omnipresent but is omitted in reflections. Beyond the economic context, it is shrouded by complex interpersonal contracts. Strikingly, though money interests everyone, it has no room for debate without the usual pressures.
2 Money is sexually differentiated in our culture. In widely diverging ways, for men money denotes potency and virility, verging on an indicator of male sexual identity.
3 Patriarchal ideology endorses this sexual differentiation, thus perpetuating women’s economic subordination.
4 Sexual differentiation is not innocuous to men either: money is intimately associated with “virility” while its absence questions a man’s sexual identity.
5 It is possible to contribute to the transformation of these conditioning factors through consciousness raising. For women, awareness of economic marginalization and the lack of autonomy. For men, awareness of the association of money and virility. In this respect, consciousness-raising groups are exceptionally beneficial to this end.
Some important clarifications
When I embarked on my research into this question I restricted my field of action, meaning that I had to leave out an infinite number of others.
Curiously, when I set out my reflections on money, people almost invariably asked me about the aspects that I had omitted.
Anyone with common sense, unless they are omnipotent, should accept that “everything” is a lot and generally exceeds what is “possible”.
In fact, I did not omit certain aspects that I deemed to be irrelevant.
I hasten to add that the reflections raised herein are not intended to be universal. They have their point of departure in the middle class,9 because the focus of this book is centred on financial empowerment within a patriarchal society. And with this goal in mind, the middle class is particularly suited to this end for two main reasons:
First, because economic independence is a necessary condition for autonomy. In this respect, the poorer and wealthier classes include variables that make this research extremely difficult or impossible.
It is a great deal more difficult to research autonomy in the poorer classes, whose economic hardships allow them no economic independence. Besides their economic privations, if we start from the premise that economic independence is a necessary condition for autonomy, we would have to address the former instead of the latter.
As regards the wealthy class, the surplus of economic resources may conceal false autonomies, which is difficult (though not impossible) to debate given the possibilities that these resources give them.
I should add that patriarchal ideology is much more deeply ingrained and more manifest in both the poor and rich classes, making these two classes by far the more challenging to research.10
Moreover, to my mind, the exposition of the hidden patriarchal mechanism in the supposed parity between the sexes in the middle class – not least after the woman’s entry into the workforce became especially significant – is immensely attractive and helpful.
The purpose of this book is to play a part in breaking the taboo surrounding this omnipotent, ancient, contemporary, and yet omitted issue, and to foster further inquiry that may respond to the countless questions to which it gives rise.
Lastly, I wish to point out that reflecting on this theme is not innocuous. It is as if we had hastily brushed the dust under the rug because we didn’t know what to do with it. We must inevitably face what we have hidden.
We might even venture, as some movies warn us, that this is not a subject for the faint-hearted.
To discuss money is to enter many realms: couples, children, the family of origin (parents and siblings), friends, lovers, creeds, ethical and aesthetic principles, plans, assessing the past…
It is a deeply moving and exceptionally enlightening subject. We could sum it up by saying that it is one that brings to the surface and holds up to the light all the tacit and implicit agreements that invariably underlie our relationships.
This is why I say that money is a matchmaker.
This book is for sharing, especially with people of a questioning nature, who are encouraged by the enticing and unsettling quest for that which has been omitted, who dare to query stereotypes and believe it is possible to build new alternatives over old problems.
Bibliographic References
1 Pichon Rivière, E. (1971). Del psicoanálisis a la psicología social. Buenos Aires: Galerna.
2 Bion, W.R. (1966). Aprendiendo de la experiencia. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
3 Dellarossa, A. (1979). Grupos de reflexión. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
4 Bonder, G. (1980). Los Estudios de la Mujer: historia, caracterización y perspectivas. Buenos Aires: Publicación interna del Centro de Estudios de la Mujer..
5 Romero, J.L. (1984). La cultura occidental. Buenos Aires: Legasa.
6 Hamilton, R. (1978). The Liberation of Women: A Study of Patriarchy and Capitalism. London: Allen & Unwin.Figes, E. (1970). Patriarchal attitudes: women in society. London: Faber.Oakley, A. (1977). La mujer discriminada: biología y sociedad. Madrid: Debate.Mitchell, Juliet (1973). Woman’s estate. New York: Vintage Books.Zaretsky, E. (1976). Capitalism, the Family & Personal Life. New York: Harper & Row.Groult, B. (1978). Así sea ella. Barcelona: Argos Vergara.Astelarra. J. (1980). Patriarcado y Estado capitalista. Madrid: Zona Abierta, No 25.Borneman, E. (1979). Le patriarcat. París: P.U.F.
7 Pichon Rivière, E. (1971). Del psicoanálisis a la psicología social, Tomo II, pág. 268. Buenos Aires: Galerna.
8 Mitchell, Juliet, ibíd.
9 Sullerot, E. (1979). El hecho femenino. En Los roles de las mujeres en Europa a finales de los años setenta. Barcelona: Argos Vergara.
Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.
Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».
Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.
Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.