Грамматика английского для начинающих. Короткие уроки по 5–7 минут каждый день

Word Power

am / is / are – форма глагола to be в настоящем

I am happy – Я счастлив

She is my sister – Она моя сестра

We are at school – Мы в школе

home – дом

I am at home – Я дома

They are at home now – Они сейчас дома

friend – друг

He is my friend – Он мой друг

We are good friends – Мы хорошие друзья

Reading Text

Tom is a student. He is 14 years old. Every day he is at school. He is happy because he has many friends. His best friend is Jack. They are always together.

In the evening Tom is at home. He is tired after school, but he is also happy. His parents are at home too. They are friendly and kind. Tom is never bored because he is always busy with homework or reading.

Today is Saturday. Tom is at the park. His friends are at the park too. They are excited because it is a sunny day. Tom is happy to be with his friends.

Grammar Focus

Affirmative:

I __________ happy.

She __________ my sister.

We __________ at school.

They __________ friends.

Negative:

I __________ not tired.

He __________ not at home.

They __________ not friends.

Questions:

Am I happy? → __________

Is she your friend? → __________

Are they at school? → __________

Answer Key

Affirmative:

I am happy.

She is my sister.

We are at school.

They are friends.

Negative:

I am not tired.

He is not at home.

They are not friends.

Questions:

Am I happy?

Is she your friend?

Are they at school?

Word Power

was / were – форма глагола to be в прошедшем времени

I was happy yesterday – Я был счастлив вчера

She was at school last week – Она была в школе на прошлой неделе

We were at home yesterday – Мы были дома вчера

yesterday – вчера

Yesterday I was tired – Вчера я был уставшим

They were at the cinema yesterday – Они были в кино вчера

ago – назад

Two days ago we were at the park – Два дня назад мы были в парке

He was here an hour ago – Он был здесь час назад

Reading Text

Yesterday was a busy day for Tom. He was at school in the morning. He was tired, but he was happy because he had lessons with his friends.

In the afternoon Tom was at home. He was not at school because he was ill. His parents were at home too. They were kind and helpful.

Two days ago Tom and his friends were at the park. They were excited because it was sunny. The park was very big and Tom was proud to play there with his friends.

Yesterday Tom was tired, but today he is happy and healthy.

Grammar Focus

Affirmative:

I __________ tired yesterday.

She __________ at school.

We __________ happy.

They __________ excited.

Negative:

I __________ not at school.

He __________ not tired.

They __________ not at home.

Questions:

Was I tired yesterday? → __________

Was she at school? → __________

Were they happy? → __________

Answer Key

Affirmative:

I was tired yesterday.

She was at school.

We were happy.

They were excited.

Negative:

I was not at school.

He was not tired.

They were not at home.

Questions:

Was I tired yesterday?

Was she at school?

Were they happy?

Word Power

a / an – неопределённый артикль, для единственного исчисляемого существительного

I saw a cat – Я видел кошку

She wants an apple – Она хочет яблоко

the – определённый артикль, когда говорим о конкретном предмете или уже известном

The cat is on the roof – Кошка на крыше

I read the book you gave me – Я прочитал книгу, которую ты мне дал

zero article (нет артикля) – для неисчисляемых существительных, множественного числа в общем смысле, названий городов, стран, языков

I like music – Мне нравится музыка

Dogs are friendly – Собаки дружелюбные

She lives in London – Она живёт в Лондоне

cat / apple / book / music / dogs / London – кошка, яблоко, книга, музыка, собаки, Лондон

Reading Text

Tom saw __________ cat in the garden.

It was __________ white cat that he liked very much.

Anna said: «I want to eat __________ apple.»

Later, they read __________ book about London.

Tom loves __________ music and plays the guitar every day.

__________ dogs in the park are very friendly.

Grammar Focus

A / An – для одного предмета, который упоминается впервые:

I saw __________ cat → I saw a cat

She wants __________ orange → She wants an orange

The – для конкретного предмета, известного слушателю/читателю:

It was __________ white cat → It was the white cat

We read __________ book → We read the book

Zero article – для неисчисляемых и множественных существительных в общем смысле:

I like __________ music → I like music

__________ dogs are friendly → Dogs are friendly

Пропуски для заполнения:

Tom saw __________ cat in the garden.

It was __________ white cat that he liked very much.

Anna wants to eat __________ apple.

They read __________ book about London.

Tom loves __________ music.

__________ dogs in the park are very friendly.

Answer Key

Tom saw a cat in the garden.

It was the white cat that he liked very much.

Anna wants to eat an apple.

They read the book about London.

Tom loves zero article / music.

Zero article / Dogs in the park are very friendly.

Word Power

there is / there are – есть, имеется

There is a book on the table – На столе есть книга

There are many students in the classroom – В классе много учеников

on the table – на столе

There is a pen on the table – На столе ручка

There are papers on the table – На столе бумаги

in the classroom – в классе

There is a teacher in the classroom – В классе есть учитель

There are chairs in the classroom – В классе есть стулья

Reading Text

In Tom’s classroom, there is a big desk. On the desk, there is a book and a pen. There is also a notebook.

There are many students in the classroom. They are happy because there is a lot of space to sit and study. On the walls, there are pictures and a clock.

At the back of the classroom, there is a shelf. On the shelf, there are some books and pencils. Tom likes the classroom because there is everything he needs for learning.

Grammar Focus

Affirmative:

There __________ a book on the desk.

There __________ many students in the classroom.

There __________ a teacher at the front.

There __________ chairs near the wall.

Negative:

There __________ not a pen on the floor.

There __________ not any papers under the desk.

There __________ not a table in the corridor.

Questions:

Is there a book on the desk? → __________

Are there students in the classroom? → __________

Is there a chair near the wall? → __________

Answer Key

Affirmative:

There is a book on the desk.

There are many students in the classroom.

There is a teacher at the front.

There are chairs near the wall.

Negative:

There is not a pen on the floor.

There are not any papers under the desk.

There is not a table in the corridor.

Questions:

Is there a book on the desk?

Are there students in the classroom?

Is there a chair near the wall?

Word Power

play / plays – играть

I play football every day – Я играю в футбол каждый день

She plays the piano – Она играет на пианино

go / goes – ходить, идти

I go to school every morning – Я хожу в школу каждое утро

He goes to the park on Saturdays – Он ходит в парк по субботам

like / likes – нравиться

I like ice cream – Мне нравится мороженое

She likes cats – Ей нравятся кошки

Reading Text

Tom is a student. Every day he plays football after school. He likes sports and he goes to the park with his friends.

His sister, Anna, likes music. She plays the piano every evening. Their parents like reading books. Every Sunday they go to the library.

Tom and Anna like spending time together. They play board games and go to the park on sunny days.

Grammar Focus

Affirmative Form (Present Simple):

I / You / We / They __________ play football.

He / She / It __________ likes ice cream.

We __________ go to school every day.

She __________ plays the piano in the evening.

Third Person Singular: добавляем -s / -es к глаголу:

He __________ (like) cats. → He likes cats.

She __________ (go) to the park. → She goes to the park.

Answer Key

I play football.

He likes ice cream.

We go to school every day.

She plays the piano in the evening.

He likes cats.

She goes to the park.

Word Power

don’t / doesn’t – отрицание в Present Simple

I don’t like spinach – Я не люблю шпинат

He doesn’t play tennis – Он не играет в теннис

do / does – вспомогательный глагол для вопросов

Do you like ice cream? – Тебе нравится мороженое?

Does she go to school every day? – Она ходит в школу каждый день?

eat / eats – есть

I eat breakfast every morning – Я завтракаю каждое утро

He eats lunch at school – Он обедает в школе

Reading Text

Tom likes football, but he doesn’t like basketball. Every morning he eats breakfast and goes to school.

His sister, Anna, doesn’t like spinach. She eats fruits and vegetables every day. Their parents don’t watch TV in the morning.

Tom and Anna don’t play video games in the evening. Instead, they do their homework and go for a walk if it is sunny.

Grammar Focus

Negative Form (Present Simple):

I / You / We / They __________ not play football. → I don’t play football.

He / She / It __________ not like spinach. → He doesn’t like spinach.

Question Form (Present Simple):

Do I / you / we / they __________ ice cream? → Do you like ice cream?

Does he / she / it __________ to school every day? → Does she go to school every day?

Affirmative / Negative / Questions – Examples:

I __________ play basketball. → I don’t play basketball.

He __________ eat pizza in the morning. → He doesn’t eat pizza in the morning.

__________ you like football? → Do you like football?

__________ she go to the park? → Does she go to the park?

Answer Key

I don’t play basketball.

He doesn’t eat pizza in the morning.

Do you like football?

Does she go to the park?

Word Power

always – всегда

I always brush my teeth in the morning – Я всегда чищу зубы утром

She always goes to school on time – Она всегда ходит в школу вовремя

usually – обычно

I usually have breakfast at 7 a.m. – Я обычно завтракаю в 7 утра

He usually plays football after school – Он обычно играет в футбол после школы

sometimes – иногда

I sometimes watch TV in the evening – Я иногда смотрю телевизор вечером

They sometimes go to the park – Они иногда ходят в парк

never – никогда

I never eat chocolate for breakfast – Я никогда не ем шоколад на завтрак

She never misses her homework – Она никогда не пропускает домашнее задание

Reading Text

Tom always wakes up at 7 a.m. He usually eats breakfast and goes to school. At school, he sometimes plays football with his friends.

His sister, Anna, never eats chocolate in the morning. She always does her homework and usually reads books in the evening.

Tom and Anna’s parents always help them if they need it. On weekends, the family sometimes goes to the park.

Tom is happy because he always spends time with his family and friends.

Grammar Focus

Placement of Adverbs of Frequency:

I __________ wake up at 7 a.m. → I always wake up at 7 a.m.

He __________ plays football after school. → He usually plays football after school.

We __________ go to the park on Sundays. → We sometimes go to the park.

She __________ eats chocolate in the morning. → She never eats chocolate in the morning.

Rules:

Always / Usually / Sometimes / Never → ставятся перед основным глаголом, после глагола to be.

Examples with to be:

I am always happy. → Я всегда счастлив

She is never late. → Она никогда не опаздывает

Answer Key

I always wake up at 7 a.m.

He usually plays football after school.

We sometimes go to the park on Sundays.

She never eats chocolate in the morning.

I am always happy.

She is never late.

Word Power

me – меня, мне

He sees me at school – Он видит меня в школе

Can you help me? – Ты можешь помочь мне?

you – тебя, тебе

I like you – Ты мне нравишься

She calls you every day – Она звонит тебе каждый день

him – его, ему

I know him – Я знаю его

She sees him in the park – Она видит его в парке

her – её, ей

We like her – Она нам нравится

I can help her – Я могу помочь ей

us – нас, нам

They see us at the cinema – Они видят нас в кино

Can you help us? – Ты можешь помочь нам?

them – их, им

I don’t know them – Я не знаю их

She invites them to the party – Она приглашает их на вечеринку

Reading Text

Tom sees his friends every day. They help him with homework. He likes them because they are kind and friendly.

Tom’s sister, Anna, calls him in the evening. She also likes to play with him.

Tom’s parents help him and her if they need something. Sometimes they invite us to visit their friends.

Tom enjoys spending time with his family. He likes them and always helps them when he can.

Grammar Focus

Object Pronouns:

I see __________. → I see him.

She likes __________. → She likes me.

We call __________. → We call you.

They help __________. → They help us.

He knows __________. → He knows them.

Rules:

Используются вместо существительных, которые являются объектами действия.

Всегда ставятся после глагола.

Answer Key

I see him.

She likes me.

We call you.

They help us.

He knows them.

Word Power

my – мой, моя, моё

This is my book – Это моя книга

I like my teacher – Мне нравится мой учитель

your – твой, ваша

Is this your bag? – Это твоя сумка?

I like your idea – Мне нравится твоя идея

his – его

This is his pen – Это его ручка

I know his friend – Я знаю его друга

her – её

That is her notebook – Это её тетрадь

I like her dress – Мне нравится её платье

our – наш

Our house is big – Наш дом большой

We love our school – Мы любим нашу школу

their – их

Their dog is friendly – Их собака дружелюбная

I see their parents – Я вижу их родителей

mine – мой / моя / моё (самостоятельное местоимение)

This book is mine – Эта книга моя

The red pen is mine – Красная ручка моя

yours – твой / ваша (самостоятельное)

The bag is yours – Сумка твоя

Is this pen yours? – Эта ручка твоя?

his / hers / ours / theirs – его / её / наш / их (самостоятельное)

The blue notebook is his – Синий блокнот его

The big house is theirs – Большой дом их

Reading Text

Tom likes his new school bag. It is his favorite bag. His sister Anna likes her backpack.

Every morning Tom takes his bag and goes to school. He meets his friends there. Their books are on the table. Some books are mine, some are yours, and some are theirs.

Tom and Anna love our classroom. The teacher likes our students too. Everyone likes their friends.

Grammar Focus

Possessive Adjectives (перед существительным):

I like __________ book. → I like my book.

He takes __________ pen. → He takes his pen.

We love __________ school. → We love our school.

They like __________ friends. → They like their friends.

Possessive Pronouns (самостоятельные):

This book is __________. → This book is mine.

Is this bag __________? → Is this bag yours?

The house is __________. → The house is theirs.

Rules:

Adjectives всегда перед существительным: my, your, his, her, our, their

Pronouns заменяют существительное: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs

Answer Key

Possessive Adjectives:

I like my book.

He takes his pen.

We love our school.

They like their friends.

Possessive Pronouns:

This book is mine.

Is this bag yours?

The house is theirs.

Word Power

this – этот, эта, это (рядом)

This is my pen – Это моя ручка

I like this book – Мне нравится эта книга

that – тот, та, то (далеко)

That is his bag – Та сумка его

Do you see that house? – Ты видишь тот дом?

these – эти (рядом, мн. число)

These are my friends – Это мои друзья

I like these apples – Мне нравятся эти яблоки

those – те (далеко, мн. число)

Those are their chairs – Те стулья их

Do you know those people? – Ты знаешь тех людей?

Reading Text

Tom is in the classroom. This is his notebook. That is his teacher’s bag.

On the table, these are pencils and pens. Those are books on the shelf.

Tom likes this pen. He doesn’t like that pencil. He gives these pencils to his friends. They take those books and put them in their bags.

Grammar Focus

Singular:

I like __________ book. → I like this book.

She sees __________ bag. → She sees that bag.

Plural:

We like __________ pencils. → We like these pencils.

They take __________ books. → They take those books.

Rules:

This / These → рядом

That / Those → далеко

This / That – для единственного числа

These / Those – для множественного числа

Answer Key

I like this book.

She sees that bag.

We like these pencils.

They take those books.

Word Power

apple / apples – яблоко / яблоки (исчисляемое)

I have an apple – У меня есть яблоко

We eat apples every day – Мы едим яблоки каждый день

milk – молоко (неисчисляемое)

I drink milk in the morning – Я пью молоко утром

There is some milk in the fridge – В холодильнике есть молоко

egg / eggs – яйцо / яйца (исчисляемое)

I need an egg for the cake – Мне нужно одно яйцо для пирога

She buys eggs at the market – Она покупает яйца на рынке

water – вода (неисчисляемое)

I drink water every day – Я пью воду каждый день

There is some water in the bottle – В бутылке есть вода

bread – хлеб (неисчисляемое)

We buy bread every morning – Мы покупаем хлеб каждое утро

There is some bread on the table – На столе есть хлеб

Reading Text

Tom goes to the kitchen. He sees an apple on the table. There is also some milk in the fridge.

He takes an egg for breakfast. He drinks some water and eats bread with butter.

His sister Anna buys apples at the market. She also buys eggs and bread. They like milk and water for their breakfast.

Grammar Focus

Countable nouns (исчисляемые):

Можно посчитать: apple → apples

В единственном числе используем a / an: I have an apple

Во множественном числе используем s / es: I eat apples

Uncountable nouns (неисчисляемые):

Нельзя посчитать: milk, water, bread

Используем some для утверждений: I drink some milk

Не добавляем s во множественном числе

Examples (пропуски для заполнения):

I have __________ apple.

We eat __________ apples.

I drink __________ milk.

There is __________ water in the bottle.

She buys __________ eggs at the market.

Answer Key

I have an apple.

We eat apples.

I drink some milk.

There is some water in the bottle.

She buys eggs at the market.

Word Power

am / is / are + -ing – настоящее длительное время

I am reading a book – Я читаю книгу

She is playing football – Она играет в футбол

We are watching TV – Мы смотрим телевизор

now – сейчас

I am eating breakfast now – Я завтракаю сейчас

They are studying English now – Они учат английский сейчас

at the moment – в данный момент

He is drawing a picture at the moment – Он рисует картину в данный момент

We are talking at the moment – Мы разговариваем в данный момент

look / listening / writing / reading – глаголы для Present Continuous