Far From the Madding Crowd

Jacob, on receiving the order to see if the liquor was warm enough, placidly dipped his forefinger into it by way of thermometer, and having pronounced it nearly of the proper degree, raised the cup and very civilly attempted to dust some of the ashes from the bottom with the skirt of his smock-frock, because Shepherd Oak was a stranger.

‘A clane cup for the shepherd,’ said the maltster commandingly.

‘No – not at all,’ Gabriel, in a reproving tone of considerateness. ‘I never fuss about dirt in its pure state, and when I know what sort it is.’ Taking the mug he drank an inch or more from the depth of its contents, and duly passed it to the next man. ‘I wouldn’t think of giving such trouble to neighbours in washing up when there’s so much work to be done in the world already,’ continued Oak in a moister tone, after recovering from the stoppage of breath which is occasioned by pulls at large mugs.

‘A right sensible man,’ said Jacob.

‘True, true; it can’t be gainsaid!’ observed a brisk young man – Mark Clark by name, a genial and pleasant gentleman, whom to meet anywhere in your travels was to know, to know was to drink with, and to drink with was, unfortunately, to pay for.

‘And here’s a mouthful of bread and bacon that mis’ess have sent, shepherd. The cider will go down better with a bit of victuals. Don’t ye chaw quite close, shepherd, for I let the bacon fall in the road outside as I was bringing it along, and may be ’tis rather gritty. There, ’tis clane dirt; and we all know what that is, as you say, and you bain’t a particular man we see, shepherd.’

‘True, true – not at all,’ said the friendly Oak.

‘Don’t let your teeth quite meet, and you won’t feel the sandiness at all. Ah! ’tis wonderful what can be done by contrivance!’

‘My own mind exactly, neighbour.’

‘Ah, he’s his grandfer’s own grandson! – his grandfer were just such a nice unparticular man!’ said the maltster.

‘Drink, Henry Fray – drink,’ magnanimously said Jan Coggan, a person who held Saint-Simonian notions of share and share alike where liquor was concerned, as the vessel showed signs of approaching him in its gradual revolution among them.

Having at this moment reached the end of a wistful gaze into mid-air, Henry did not refuse. He was a man of more than middle age, with eyebrows high up in his forehead, who laid it down that the law of the world was bad, with a long-suffering look through his listeners at the world alluded to, as it presented itself to his imagination. He always signed his name ‘Henery’ – strenuously insisting upon that spelling, and if any passing schoolmaster ventured to remark that the second ‘e’ was superfluous and old-fashioned, he received the reply that ‘H-e-n-e-r-y’ was the name he was christened and the name he would stick to – in the tone of one to whom orthographical differences were matters which had a great deal to do with personal character.

Mr Jan Coggan, who had passed the cup to Henery, was a crimson man with a spacious countenance and private glimmer in his eye, whose name had appeared on the marriage register of Weatherbury and neighbouring parishes as best man and chief witness in countless unions of the previous twenty years; he also very frequently filled the post of head godfather in baptisms of the subtly-jovial kind.

‘Come, Mark Clark – come. Ther’s plenty more in the barrel,’ said Jan.

‘Ay – that I will; ’tis my only doctor,’ replied Mr Clark, who, twenty years younger than Jan Coggan, revolved in the same orbit. He secreted mirth on all occasions for special discharge at popular parties.

‘Why, Joseph Poorgrass, ye han’t had a drop!’ said Mr Coggan to a self-conscious man in the background, thrusting the cup towards him.

‘Such a modest man as he is!’ said Jacob Smallbury. ‘Why, ye’ve hardly had strength of eye enough to look in our young mis’ess’s face, so I hear, Joseph?’

All looked at Joseph Poorgrass with pitying reproach.

‘No – I’ve hardly looked at her at all,’ simpered Joseph, reducing his body smaller whilst talking, apparently from a meek sense of undue prominence. ‘And when I seed her, ’twas nothing but blushes with me!’

‘Poor feller,’ said Mr Clark.

‘’Tis a curious nature for a man,’ said Jan Coggan.

‘Yes,’ continued Joseph Poorgrass – his shyness, which was so painful as a defect, filling him with a mild complacency now that it was regarded as an interesting study. ‘’Twere blush, blush, blush with me every minute of the time, when she was speaking to me.’

‘I believe ye, Joseph Poorgrass, for we all know ye to be a very bashful man.’

‘’Tis a’ awkward gift for a man, poor soul,’ said the maltster. ‘And ye have suffered from it a long time, we know.’

‘Ay, ever since I was a boy. Yes – mother was concerned to her heart about it – yes. But ’twas all nought.’

‘Did ye ever go into the world to try and stop it, Joseph Poorgrass?’

‘Oh ay, tried all sorts o’ company. They took me to Greenhill Fair, and into a great gay jerry-go-nimble show, where there were women-folk riding round – standing upon horses, with hardly anything on but their smocks; but it didn’t cure me a morsel. And then I was put errand-man at the Women’s Skittle Alley at the back of the Tailor’s Arms in Casterbridge. ’Twas a horrible sinful situation, and a very curious place for a good man. I had to stand and look ba’dy people in the face from morning till night; but ’twas no use – I was just as bad as ever after all. Blushes hev been in the family for generations. There, ’tis a happy providence that I be no worse.’

‘True,’ said Jacob Smallbury, deepening his thoughts to a profounder view of the subject. ‘’Tis a thought to look at, that ye might have been worse; but even as you be, ’tis a very bad affliction for ’ee, Joseph. For ye see, shepherd, though ’tis very well for a woman, dang it all, ’tis awkward for a man like him, poor feller?’

‘’Tis – ’tis,’ said Gabriel, recovering from a meditation. ‘Yes, very awkward for the man.’

‘Ay, and he’s very timid, too,’ observed Jan Coggan. ‘Once he had been working late at Yalbury Bottom, and had had a drap of drink, and lost his way as he was coming home-along through Yalbury Wood, didn’t ye, Master Poorgrass?’

‘No, no, no; not that story!’ expostulated the modest man, forcing a laugh to bury his concern.

‘– And so ’a lost himself quite,’ continued Mr Coggan, with an impassive face, implying that a true narrative, like time and tide, must run its course and would respect no man. ‘And as he was coming along in the middle of the night, much afeared, and not able to find his way out of the trees nohow, ’a cried out, “Man-a-lost! man-a-lost!” A owl in a tree happened to be crying “Whoo-whoo-whoo!” as owls do, you know, shepherd’ (Gabriel nodded), ‘and Joseph, all in a tremble, said, “Joseph Poorgrass, of Weatherbury, sir!”’

‘No, no, now – that’s too much!’ said the timid man, becoming a man of brazen courage all of a sudden. ‘I didn’t say sir. I’ll take my oath I didn’t say “Joseph Poorgrass o’ Weatherbury, sir”. No, no; what’s right is right, and I never said sir to the bird, knowing very well that no man of a gentleman’s rank would be hollering there at that time o’ night. “Joseph Poorgrass of Weatherbury”, – that’s every word I said, and I shouldn’t ha’ said that if ’t hadn’t been for Keeper Day’s metheglin . . . There, ’twas a merciful thing it ended where it did.’

The question of which was right being tacitly waived by the company, Jan went on meditatively: –

‘And he’s the fearfullest man, bain’t ye, Joseph? Ay, another time ye were lost by Lambing-Down Gate, weren’t ye, Joseph?’

‘I was,’ replied Poorgrass, as if there were some conditions too serious even for modesty to remember itself under, this being one.

‘Yes; that were the middle of the night, too. The gate would not open, try how he would, and knowing there was the Devil’s hand in it, he kneeled down.’

‘Ay,’ said Joseph, acquiring confidence from the warmth of the fire, the cider, and a perception of the narrative capabilities of the experience alluded to. ‘My heart died within me, that time; but I kneeled down and said the Lord’s Prayer, and then the Belief right through, and then the Ten Commandments, in earnest prayer. But no, the gate wouldn’t open; and then I went on with Dearly Beloved Brethren, and, thinks I, this makes four, and ’tis all I know out of book, and if this don’t do it nothing will, and I’m a lost man. Well, when I got to Saying After Me, I rose from my knees and found the gate would open – yes, neighbours, the gate opened the same as ever.’

A meditation on the obvious inference was indulged in by all, and during its continuance each directed his vision into the ashpit, which glowed like a desert in the tropics under a vertical sun, shaping their eyes long and liny, partly because of the light, partly from the depth of the subject discussed.

Gabriel broke the silence. ‘What sort of a place is this to live at, and what sort of a mis’ess is she to work under?’ Gabriel’s bosom thrilled gently as he thus slipped under the notice of the assembly the innermost subject of his heart.

‘We d’know little of her – nothing. She only showed herself a few days ago. Her uncle was took bad, and the doctor was called with his world-wide skill; but he couldn’t save the man. As I take it, she’s going to keep on the farm.’

‘That’s about the shape o’t, ’a b’lieve,’ said Jan Coggan. ‘Ay, ’tis a very good family. I’d as soon be under ’em as under one here and there. Her uncle was a very fair sort of man. Did ye know en, shepherd – a bachelor-man?’

‘Not at all.’

‘I used to go to his house a-courting my first wife, Charlotte, who was his dairymaid. Well, a very good-hearted man were Farmer Everdene, and I being a respectable young fellow was allowed to call and see her and drink as much ale as I liked, but not to carry away any – outside my skin I mane, of course.’

‘Ay, ay, Jan Coggan; we know yer maning.’

‘And so you see ’twas beautiful ale, and I wished to value his kindness as much as I could, and not to be so ill-mannered as to drink only a thimbleful, which would have been insulting the man’s generosity –’

‘True, Master Coggan, ’twould so,’ corroborated Mark Clark.

‘– And so I used to eat a lot of salt fish afore going, and then by the time I got there I were as dry as a lime-basket – so thorough dry that that ale would slip down – ah, ’twould slip down sweet! Happy times! heavenly times! Such lovely drunks as I used to have at that house! You can mind, Jacob? You used to go wi’ me sometimes.’

‘I can – I can,’ said Jacob. ‘That one, too, that we had at Buck’s Head on a White Monday was a pretty tipple.’

‘’Twas. But for a wet of the better class, that brought you no nearer to the horned man than you were afore you begun, there was none like those in Farmer Everdene’s kitchen. Not a single damn allowed; no, not a bare poor one, even at the most cheerful moment when all were blindest, though the good old word of sin thrown in here and there at such times is a great relief to a merry soul.’

‘True,’ said the maltster. ‘Nater requires her swearing at the regular times, or she’s not herself; and unholy exclamations is a necessity of life.’

‘But Charlotte,’ continued Coggan – ‘not a word of the sort would Charlotte allow, nor the smallest item of taking in vain . . . Ay, poor Charlotte, I wonder if she had the good fortune to get into Heaven when ’a died! But ’a was never much in luck’s way and perhaps ’a went downwards after all, poor soul.’

‘And did any of you know Miss Everdene’s father and mother?’ inquired the shepherd, who found some difficulty in keeping the conversation in the desired channel.

‘I knew them a little,’ said Jacob Smallbury; ‘but they were townsfolk, and didn’t live here. They’ve been dead for years. Father, what sort of people were mis’ess’ father and mother?’

‘Well,’ said the maltster, ‘he wasn’t much to look at; but she was a lovely woman. He was fond enough of her as his sweetheart.’

‘Used to kiss her scores and long-hundreds o’ times, so ’twas said,’ observed Coggan.

‘He was very proud of her, too, when they were married, as I’ve been told,’ said the maltster.

‘Ay,’ said Coggan. ‘He admired her so much that he used to light the candle three times a night to look at her.’

‘Boundless love; I shouldn’t have supposed it in the universe!’ murmured Joseph Poorgrass, who habitually spoke on a large scale in his moral reflections.

‘Well, to be sure,’ said Gabriel.

‘Oh, ’tis true enough. I knowed the man and woman both well. Levi Everdene – that was the man’s name, sure. “Man”, saith I in my hurry, but he were of a higher circle of life than that – ’a was a gentleman-tailor really, worth scores of pounds. And he became a very celebrated bankrupt two or three times.’

‘Oh, I thought he was quite a common man!’ said Joseph.

‘O no, no! That man failed for heaps of money; hundreds in gold and silver.’

The maltster being rather short of breath, Mr Coggan, after absently scrutinizing a coal which had fallen among the ashes, took up the narrative, with a private twirl of his eye: –

‘Well, now, you’d hardly believe it, but that man – our Miss Everdene’s father – was one of the ficklest husbands alive, after a while. Understand, ’a didn’t want to be fickle, but he couldn’t help it. The poor feller were faithful and true enough to her in his wish, but his heart would rove, do what he would. He spoke to me in real tribulation about it once. “Coggan,” he said, “I could never wish for a handsomer woman than I’ve got, but feeling she’s ticketed as my lawful wife, I can’t help my wicked heart wandering, do what I will.” But at last I believe he cured it by making her take off her wedding-ring and calling her by her maiden name as they sat together after the shop was shut, and so ’a would get to fancy she was only his sweetheart, and not married to him at all. And as soon as he could thoroughly fancy he was doing wrong and committing the seventh, ’a got to like her as well as ever, and they lived on a perfect picture of mutel love.’

‘Well, ’twas a most ungodly remedy,’ murmured Joseph Poorgrass; ‘but we ought to feel deep cheerfulness that a happy Providence kept it from being any worse. You see, he might have gone the bad road and given his eyes to unlawfulness entirely – yes, gross unlawfulness, so to say it.’

‘You see,’ said Billy Smallbury, ‘the man’s will was to do right, sure enough, but his heart didn’t chime in.’

‘He got so much better that he was quite godly in his later years, wasn’t he, Jan?’ said Joseph Poorgrass. ‘He got himself confirmed over again in a more serious way, and took to saying “Amen” almost as loud as the clerk, and he liked to copy comforting verses from the tombstones. He used, too, to hold the money-plate at Let Your Light so Shine, and stand godfather to poor little come-by-chance children; and he kept a missionary box upon his table to nab folks unawares when they called; yes, and he would box the charity-boys’ ears, if they laughed in church, till they could hardly stand upright, and do other deeds of piety natural to the saintly inclined.’

‘Ay, at that time he thought of nothing but high things,’ added Billy Smallbury. ‘One day Parson Thirdly met him and said, “Good-morning, Mister Everdene; ’tis a fine day!” “Amen”, said Everdene, quite absent-like, thinking only of religion when he seed a parson. Yes, he was a very Christian man.’

‘Their daughter was not at all a pretty chiel at that time,’ said Henery Fray. ‘Never should have thought she’d have growed up such a handsome body as she is.’

‘’Tis to be hoped her temper is as good as her face.’

‘Well, yes; but the baily will have most to do with the business and ourselves. Ah!’ Henery gazed into the ashpit, and smiled volumes of ironical knowledge.

‘A queer Christian, like the Devil’s head in a cowl,* as the saying is,’ volunteered Mark Clark.

‘He is,’ said Henery, implying that irony must cease at a certain point. ‘Between we two, man and man, I believe that man would as soon tell a lie Sundays as working-days – that I do so.’

‘Good faith, you do talk!’ said Gabriel.

‘True enough,’ said the man of bitter moods, looking round upon the company with the antithetic laughter that comes from a keener appreciation of the miseries of life than ordinary men are capable of. ‘Ah, there’s people of one sort, and people of another, but that man – bless your souls!’

Gabriel thought fit to change the subject. ‘You must be a very aged man, maker, to have sons growed up so old and ancient,’ he remarked.

‘Father’s so old that ’a can’t mind his age, can ye, father?’ interposed Jacob. ‘And he’s growed terrible crooked, too, lately,’ Jacob continued, surveying his father’s figure, which was rather more bowed than his own. ‘Really, one may say that father there is three-double.’

‘Crooked folk will last a long while,’ said the maltster, grimly, and not in the best humour.

‘Shepherd would like to hear the pedigree of yer life, father – wouldn’t ye, shepherd?’

‘Ay, that I should,’ said Gabriel, with the heartiness of a man who had longed to hear it for several months. ‘What may your age be, maker?’

The maltster cleared his throat in an exaggerated form for emphasis, and elongating his gaze to the remotest point of the ashpit, said, in the slow speech justifiable when the importance of a subject is so generally felt that any mannerism must be tolerated in getting at it, ‘Well, I don’t mind the year I were born in, but perhaps I can reckon up the places I’ve lived at, and so get it that way. I bode at Upper Longpuddle across there’ (nodding to the north) ‘till I were eleven. I bode seven at Kingsbere’ (nodding to the east) ‘where I took to malting. I went therefrom to Norcombe, and malted there two-and-twenty years, and twoand-twenty years I was there turnip-hoeing and harvesting. Ah, I knowed that old place, Norcombe, years afore you were thought of, Master Oak’ (Oak smiled sincere belief in the fact). ‘Then I malted at Durnover four year, and four year turnip-hoeing; and I was fourteen times eleven months at Millpond St Jude’s’ (nodding north-west-by-north). ‘Old Twills wouldn’t hire me for more than eleven months at a time, to keep me from being chargeable to the parish if so be I was disabled. Then I was three year at Mellstock, and I’ve been here one-and-thirty year come Candlemas. How much is that?’

‘Hundred and seventeen,’ chuckled another old gentleman, given to mental arithmetic and little conversation, who had hitherto sat unobserved in a corner.

‘Well, then, that’s my age,’ said the maltster emphatically.

‘O no, father!’ said Jacob. ‘Your turnip-hoeing were in the summer and your malting in the winter of the same years, and ye don’t ought to count both halves, father.’

‘Chok’ it all! I lived through the summers, didn’t I? That’s my question. I suppose ye’ll say next I be no age at all to speak of?’

‘Sure we shan’t,’ said Gabriel soothingly.

‘Ye be a very old aged person, malter,’ attested Jan Coggan, also soothingly. ‘We all know that, and ye must have a wonderful talented constitution to be able to live so long, mustn’t he, neighbours?’

‘True, true; ye must, malter, wonderful;’ said the meeting unanimously.

The maltster, being now pacified, was even generous enough to voluntarily disparage in a slight degree the virtue of having lived a great many years, by mentioning that the cup they were drinking out of was three years older than he.

While the cup was being examined, the end of Gabriel Oak’s flute became visible over his smock-frock pocket, and Henery Fray exclaimed, ‘Surely, shepherd, I seed you blowing into a great flute by now at Casterbridge?’

‘You did,’ said Gabriel, blushing faintly. ‘I’ve been in great trouble, neighbours, and was driven to it. I used not to be so poor as I be now.’

‘Never mind, heart!’ said Mark Clark. ‘You should take it careless-like, shepherd, and your time will come. But we could thank ye for a tune, if ye bain’t too tired?’

‘Neither drum nor trumpet have I heard since Christmas,’ said Jan Coggan. ‘Come, raise a tune, Master Oak!’

‘That I will,’ said Gabriel, pulling out his flute and putting it together. ‘A poor tool, neighbours; but such as I can do ye shall have and welcome.’

Oak then struck up ‘Jockey to the Fair’, and played that sparkling melody three times through, accenting the notes in the third round in a most artistic and lively manner by bending his body in small jerks and tapping with his foot to beat time.

‘He can blow the flute very well – that ’a can,’ said a young married man, who having no individuality worth mentioning was known as ‘Susan Tall’s husband’. He continued, ‘I’d as lief as not be able to blow into a flute as well as that.’

‘He’s a clever man, and ’tis a true comfort for us to have such a shepherd,’ murmured Joseph Poorgrass, in a soft cadence. ‘We ought to feel full o’ thanksgiving that he’s not a player of ba’dy songs instead of these merry tunes; for ’twould have been just as easy for God to have made the shepherd a loose low man – a man of iniquity, so to speak it – as what he is. Yes, for our wives’ and daughters’ sakes we should feel real thanksgiving.’

‘True, true, – real thanksgiving!’ dashed in Mark Clark conclusively, not feeling it to be of any consequence to his opinion that he had only heard about a word and three-quarters of what Joseph had said.

‘Yes,’ added Joseph, beginning to feel like a man in the Bible; ‘for evil do thrive so in these times that ye may be as much deceived in the cleanest shaved and whitest shirted man as in the raggedest tramp upon the turnpike, if I may term it so.’

‘Ay, I can mind yer face now, shepherd,’ said Henery Fray, criticizing Gabriel with misty eyes as he entered upon his second tune. ‘Yes – now I see ’ee blowing into the flute I know ’ee to be the same man I see play at Casterbridge, for yer mouth were scrimped up and yer eyes a-staring out like a strangled man’s – just as they be now.’

‘’Tis a pity that playing the flute should make a man look such a scarecrow,’ observed Mr Mark Clark, with additional criticism of Gabriel’s countenance, the latter person jerking out, with the ghastly grimace required by the instrument, the chorus of ‘Dame Durden’: –

’Twas Moll' and Bet', and Doll' and Kate',

And Dor'-othy Drag'-gle Tail'.

‘I hope you don’t mind that young man’s bad manners in naming your features?’ whispered Joseph to Gabriel.

‘Not at all,’ said Mr Oak.

‘For by nature ye be a very handsome man, shepherd,’ continued Joseph Poorgrass with winning suavity.

‘Ay, that ye be, shepherd,’ said the company.

‘Thank you very much,’ said Oak, in the modest tone good manners demanded, thinking, however, that he would never let Bathsheba see him playing the flute; in this resolve showing a discretion equal to that related of its sagacious inventress, the divine Minerva herself.

‘Ah, when I and my wife were married at Norcombe Church,’ said the old maltster, not pleased at finding himself left out of the subject, ‘we were called the handsomest couple in the neighbour-hood – everybody said so.’

‘Danged if ye bain’t altered now, maker,’ said a voice with the vigour natural to the enunciation of a remarkable evident truism. It came from the old man in the background, whose offensiveness and spiteful ways were barely atoned for by the occasional chuckle he contributed to general laughs.

‘O no, no,’ said Gabriel.

‘Don’t ye play no more, shepherd,’ said Susan Tall’s husband, the young married man who had spoken once before. ‘I must be moving, and when there’s tunes going on I seem as if hung in wires. If I thought after I’d left that music was still playing, and I not there, I should be quite melancholy-like.’

‘What’s yer hurry then, Laban?’ inquired Coggan. ‘You used to bide as late as the latest.’

‘Well, ye see, neighbours, I was lately married to a woman, and she’s my vocation now, and so ye see –’ The young man halted lamely.

‘New lords new laws, as the saying is, I suppose,’ remarked Coggan.