Military Manners and Customs

15

Edwards’s Germans in France, 164.

16

This remarkable fact is certified by Mr. Russell, in his Diary in the last Great War, 398, 399.

17

Cicero, In Verrem, iv. 54.

18

See even the Annual Register, lvi. 184, for a denunciation of this proceeding.

19

Sismondi’s Hist. des Français, xxv.

20

Edwards’s Germans in France, 171.

21

Lieut-Col. Charras, La Campagne de 1815, i. 211, ii. 88.

22

Woolsey’s International Law, p. 223.

23

Cf. lib. xii. 81, and xiii. 25, 26; quoted by Grotius, iii. xi. xiii.

24

iii. 41.

25

Cambridge Essays, 1855, ‘Limitations to Severity in War,’ by C. Buxton.

26

See Raumer’s Geschichte Europa’s, iii. 509-603, if any doubt is felt about the fact.

27

General Order of October 9, 1813. Compare those of May 29, 1809, March 25, 1810, June 10, 1812, and July 9, 1813.

28

Vattel, iii. ix. 165.

29

Sir W. Napier (Peninsular War, ii. 322) says of the proceeding that it was ‘politic indeed, yet scarcely to be admitted within the pale of civilised warfare.’ It occurred in May 1810.

30

Bluntschli’s Modernes Völkerrecht, art. 573.

31

For the character of modern war see the account of the Franco-German war in the Quarterly Review for April 1871.

32

Halleck, ii. 22.

33

Vehse’s Austria, i. 369. Yet, as usual on such occasions, the excesses were committed in the teeth of Tilly’s efforts to oppose them.

‘Imperavit Tillius a devictorum cædibus et corporum castimonia abstinerent, quod imperium a quibusdam furentibus male servatum annales aliqui fuere conquesti.’ – Adlzreiter’s Annales Boicæ Gentis, Part iii. l. 16, c. 38.

34

Battles in the Peninsular War, 181, 182.

35

Ibid. 396.

36

Foxe’s Actes and Monuments, iii. 52.

37

Saint-Palaye, Mémoires sur la Chevalerie, iii. 10, 133.

38

Vinsauf’s Itinerary of Richard I., ii. 16.

39

Matthew of Westminster, 460; Grose, ii. 348.

40

Monstrelet, ii. 115.

41

Mémoires sur la Chevalerie, i. 322.

42

Petitot, v. 102; and Ménard, Vie de B. du Guesclin, 440.

43

Petitot, v. 134.

44

Meyrick, Ancient Armour, ii. 5.

45

i. 123.

46

Monstrelet, i. 259.

47

ii. 5.

48

ii. 11.

49

ii. 22, compare ii. 56.

50

Monstrelet, ii. 111.

51

ii. 113.

52

See for some, Livy, xxix. 8, xxxi. 26, 30, xxxvii. 21, xliii. 7, xliv. 29.

53

Livy, xliv. 29.

54

Meyrick, i. 41.

55

Demmin, Encyclopédie d’Armurerie, 490.

56

Meyrick, ii. 204.

57

Grose, ii. 114.

58

Petitot, xvi. 134.

59

Grose, ii. 343.

60

iv. 27.

61

iv. 36.

62

iii. 109.

63

Mémoires, vi. 1.

64

Halleck, International Law, ii. 154.

65

Elements of Morality, sec. 1068.

66

Des Droits et Devoirs des Nations neutres, ii. 321-323.

67

History of the Royal Navy, i. 357.

68

Monstrelet, i. 12.

69

Nicolas, ii. 108.

70

Ibid. i. 333.

71

Froissart, ii. 85.

72

Entick, New Naval History (1757), 823. ‘Some of the Spanish prizes were immensely rich, a great many of the French were of considerable value, and so were many of the English; but the balance was about two millions in favour of the latter.’

73

From Entick’s New Naval History (1757), 801-817.

74

Martens, Essai sur les Corsaires (Horne’s translation), 86, 87.

75

Ibid. 93.

76

III. xv. 229.

77

Emerigon, On Insurances (translation), 442.

78

Martens, 19.

79

Hautfeuille, Des Droits et Devoirs des Nations neutres, ii. 349.

80

De Jure Maritimo, i. 72.

81

Despatches, vi. 145.

82

Despatches, vi. 79.

83

The last occasion was on April 13, 1875.

84

Halleck, International Law, ii. 316.

85

Bluntschli, Modernes Völkerrecht, art. 665.

86

James, Naval History, i. 255.

87

James, ii. 71.

88

Ibid. ii. 77.

89

Ortolan, Diplomatie de la Mer, ii. 32.

90

Campbell’s Admirals, viii. 40.

91

Campbell, vii. 21. James, i. 161. Stinkpots are jars or shells charged with powder, grenades, &c.

92

James, i. 283.

93

Brenton, ii. 471.

94

Caltrops, or crows’-feet, are bits of iron with four spikes so arranged that however they fall one spike always remains upwards. Darius planted the ground with caltrops before Arbela.

95

Chapter xix. of the Tactica.

96

Frontinus, Strategematicon, IV. vii. 9, 10. ‘Amphoras pice et tæda plenas; … vascula viperis plena.’

97

Roger de Wendover, Chronica. ‘Calcem vivam, et in pulverem subtilem redactam, in altum projicientes, vento illam ferente, Francorum oculos excæcaverunt.’

98

Brenton, i. 635.

99

De Jure Maritimo, i. 265.

100

Rees’s Cyclopædia, ‘Fire-ship.’

101

Brenton, ii. 493, 494.

102

Halleck, ii. 317.

103

Woolsey, International Law, 187.

104

James, i. 277.

105

Phillimore, International Law, iii. 50-52.

106

International Law, ii. 95.

107

Villiaumé, L’Esprit de la Guerre, 56.

108

De Commines, viii. 8.

109

Watson’s Philip II., ii. 74.

110

Ibid. i. 213.

111

Memoirs, c. 19.

112

Villiaumé (L’Esprit de la Guerre, 71) gives the following version: ‘En 1793 et en 1794, le gouvernement anglais ayant violé le droit des gens contre la République Française, la Convention, dans un accès de brutale colère, décréta qu’il ne serait plus fait aucun prisonnier anglais ou hanovrien, c’est-à-dire que les vaincus seraient mis à mort, encore qu’ils se rendissent. Mais ce décret fut simplement comminatoire; le Comité de Salut Public, sachant très-bien que de misérables soldats n’étaient point coupables, donna l’ordre secret de faire grâce à tous les vaincus.’

113

Herodotus, vii. 136.

114

Livy, xlv. 42.

115

Ibid. xlv. 43.

116

Ward, Law of Nations, i. 250.

117

Petitot’s Mémoires, xvi. 177.

118

Livy, xlii. 8, 9.

119

Monstrelet, Chronicles, i. 200.

120

Ibid. i. 224.

121

Ibid. i. 249.

122

Ibid. i. 259.

123

Monstrelet, ii. 156.

124

Ibid. 120.

125

Philip de Commines, ii. 1.

126

Ibid. ii. 2.

127

Ibid. ii. 14.

128

Philip de Commines, iii. 9.

129

Motley’s United Netherlands, iii. 323.

130

Vattel, iii. 8, 143.

131

Borbstaedt, Franco-German War (translation), 662.

132

Ward, i. 223.

133

Quintus Curtius, iv. 6, and Grote, viii. 368.

134

Quintus Curtius, vii. 11.

135

Ibid. iv. 15.

136

Arrian, iii. 18.

137

Quintus Curtius, vii. 5.

138

‘Tous deux furent très braves, très vaillants, fort bizarres et cruels.’

139

Lyttleton, Henry II., i. 183.

140

Hoveden, 697.

141

2 Samuel xii. 31.

142

Memoirs of a Cavalier, i. 47.

143

Memoirs of a Cavalier, 49.

144

‘Life of Bayard’ in Petitot’s Mémoires, xvi. 9.

145

Major-General Mitchell’s Biographies of Eminent Soldiers, 92.

146

Livy, xxxi. 40. When Pelium was taken by storm, only the slaves were taken as spoil; the freemen were even let off without ransom.

147

Ibid. xxviii. 3.

148

Ibid. xxviii. 20, xxvii. 16, xxxi. 27.

149

De Officiis, i. 12. Yet on this passage is founded the common assertion that among the Romans ‘the word which signified stranger was the same with that which in its original denoted an enemy’ (Ward, ii. 174); implying that in their eyes a stranger and an enemy were one and the same thing. Cicero says exactly the reverse.

150

Recueil de Documents sur les exactions, vols, et cruautés des armées prussiennes en France. The book is out of print, but may be seen at the British Museum, under the title, ‘Prussia – Army of.’ It is to be regretted that, whilst every book, however dull, relating to that war has been translated into English, this record has hitherto escaped the publicity it so well deserves.

151

Ibid. 19.

152

Ibid. 8.

153

Ibid. 13.

154

Chaudordy’s Circular of November 29, 1870, in the Recueil.

155

Recueil, 12, 15, 67, 119.

156

Ibid. 56.

157

Ibid. 54.

158

Recueil, 33-37, and Lady Bloomfield’s Reminiscences, ii. 235, 8, 9.

159

The Times, March 7, 1881.

160

Recueil, 29; compare 91.

161

Morley’s Cobden, ii. 177.

162

Professor Sheldon Amos quotes the fact, but refrains from naming the paper, in his preface to Manning’s Commentaries on the Law of Nations, xl. Was it not the Journal de France for Nov. 21, 1871?

163

iii. i. viii. 4.

164

De Officiis, i. 13.

165

Modernes Völkerrecht, Art. 565.

166

Polyænus, Strategematum libri octo, i. 34.

167

Polyænus, v. 41.

168

Ortolan’s Diplomatie de la mer, ii. 31, 375-7.

169

James’s Naval History, ii. 211; Campbell’s Admirals, vii. 132.

170

James, Naval History, ii. 225.

171

Nicolas, Royal Navy, ii. 27.

172

Hautefeuille, Droit Maritime, iii. 433. ‘Les vaisseaux de l’Etat eux-mêmes ne rougissent pas de ces grossiers mensonges qui prennent le nom de ruses de guerre.’

173

xiii. 1.

174

Montaigne, ch. v.

175

vii. 4. ‘Quia appellatione nostra vix apte exprimi possunt, Græca pronuntiatione Stratagemata dicuntur.’

176

Livy, xlii. 47.

177

Histoire de la France, iii. 401.

178

The word musket is from muschetto, a kind of hawk, implying that its attack was equally destructive and unforeseen.

179

Polyænus, ii. 19.

180

Polyænus, iii. 2; from Thucydides, iii. 34.

181

Ibid. vii. 27, 2.

182

Ibid. iv. 2-4.

183

Liskenne, Bibliothèque Historique et Militaire, iii. 845.

184

Memoirs, ch. xix.

185

ix. 6, 3.

186

vi. 22.

187

vi. 15.

188

iv. 7, 17.

189

E. Fournier, L’Esprit dans l’Histoire, 145-150.

190

iii. 10.

191

Liskenne, v. 233-4.

192

Soldier’s Pocket-Book, 81.

193

Polyænus, viii. 16, 8. ‘Lege Romanorum jubente hostium exploratores interficere.’

194

Livy, xxx. 29. According to Polyænus, he gave them a dinner and sent them back with instructions to tell what they had seen; viii. 16, 8.

195

Watson’s Philip II. iii. 311.

196

Liskenne, iii. 840.

197

Hoffman, Kriegslist, 15.

198

Petitot’s Mémoires de la France, xv. 317.

199

Polyænus, ii. 27.

200

Ibid. v. 1, 4.

201

Memoirs, ch. xix.

202

Livy, xxxiv. 17.

203

As at the Brussels Conference, 1874, when such a proposal was made by the member for Sweden and Norway.

204

In Pinkerton, xvi. 817.

205

Turner’s Nineteen Years in Samoa, 304.

206

Schoolcraft’s Indian Tribes, iv. 52.

207

The Basutos, 223.

208

Potter’s Grecian Antiquities, ii. 69.

209

Turner’s Samoa, 298.

210

Ellis’s Polynesian Researches, i. 275.

211

Hutton’s Voyage to Africa, 1821, 337.

212

Colenso and Durnford’s Zulu War, 364, 379.

213

Petitot’s Mémoires, xv. 329.

214

The evidence is collected in Cetschwayo’s Dutchman, 99-103.

215

Henty’s March to Coomassie, 443. Compare Reade’s Ashantee Campaign, 241-2.

216

Florus, ii. 19; iii. 4; Velleius Paterculus, ii. 1.

217

Florus, ii. 20.

218

Ibid. iii. 7.

219

Florus, iii. 4; Cæsar, De Bello Gallico, ix. 44.

220

Morley’s Cobden, ii. 355.

221

Sir A. Helps’ Las Casas, 29.

222

T. Morton’s New England Canaan, 1637, iii.

223

Belknap’s New Hampshire, i. 262.

224

Penhallow’s Indian Wars, 1826, republished 1859, 31-3.

225

Ibid. 105, 6.

226

Ibid. 103. For further details of this debased military practice, see Adair’s History of American Indians, 245; Kercheval’s History of the Valley of Virginia, 263; Drake’s Biography and History of the Indians, 210, 373; Sullivan’s History of Maine, 251.

227

Kercheval’s Virginia, 113.

228

Eschwege’s Brazil, i. 186; Tschudi’s Reisen durch Südamerika, i. 262.

229

Parkman’s Expedition against Ohio Indians, 1764, 117.

230

Argensola, Les Isles Molucques, i. 60.

231

Drake’s Biography and History of the Indians, 489, 490.

232

R. C. Burton’s City of the Saints, 576; Eyre’s Central Australia, i. 175-9.

233

Borwick’s Last of the Tasmanians, 58.

234

Tschudi’s Reisen, ii. 262.

235

Maccoy’s Baptist Indian Missions, 441; Froebel’s Seven Years in Central America, 272; Wallace’s Travels on the Amazon, 326.

236

Bancroft’s United States, ii. 383-5; and compare Clarkson’s Life of Penn, chaps. 45 and 46.

237

Brooke’s Ten Years in Sarawak, i. 74.

238

Captain Hamilton’s East Indies, in Pinkerton, viii. 514.

239

W. H. Russell’s My Diary in India, 150.

240

Annals of the Propagation of the Faith, viii. 280-6.

241

Caffres and Caffre Missions, 210.

242

Memorials of Henrietta Robertson, 259, 308, 353.

243

Ibid. 353.

244

Colenso and Durnford’s Zulu War, 215.

245

Holden’s History of Natal, 210, 211.

246

Moister’s Africa, Past and Present, 310, 311.

247

Tams’s Visit to Portuguese Possessions, i. 181, ii. 28, 179.

248

Robertson’s America; Works, vi. 177, 205.

249

Thomson’s Great Missionaries, 30; Halkett’s Indians of North America, 247, 249, 256.

250

Le Blant, Inscriptions Chrétiennes, i. 86.

251

Bingham, Christian Antiquities, i. 486.

252

Cæsar, De Bello Gallico, vi. 14. ‘Druides a bello abesse consuerunt … militiæ vacationem habent;’ and Origen, In Celsum, viii. 73, for the Romans.

253

Vaughan’s Life of Wycliffe, ii. 212-3.

254

Turner’s England, iv. 458, from Duchesne, Gesta Stephani.

255

‘Non filius meus est vel ecclesiæ; ad regis autem voluntatem redimetur, quia potius Martis quam Christi miles judicatur.’

256

Turner’s England, v. 92.

257

‘Sanxit ut nullus in posterum sacerdos in hostem pergeret, nisi duo vel tres episcopi electione cæterorum propter benedictionem populique reconciliationem, et cum illis electi sacerdotes qui bene scirent populis pœnitentias dare, missas celebrare, etc.’ (in Du Cange, ‘Hostis’).

258

Guicciardini. ‘Prometteva che se i soldati procedevano virilmente, che non accetterebbe la Mirandola con alcuno patto: ma lascierebbe in potestà loro il saccheggiarla.’

259

Monstrelet, i. 9.

260

Crichton’s Scandinavia, i. 170.

261

Mémoires du Fleurange. Petitot, xvi. 253.

262

See Palmer, Origines Liturgicæ, ii. 362-65, for the form of service.

263

Petitot, xvi. 229.

264

Ibid. 135.

265

Petitot, viii. 55. ‘Feciono venire per tutto il campo un prete parato col corpo di Christo, e in luogo di communicarsi ciascuno prese uno poco di terra, e la si mise in boca.’

266

Livy, xxxvi. 2.

267

Robertson, Charles V., note 21. Ryan, History of Effects of Religion on Mankind, 124.

268

M. J, Schmidt, Histoire des Allemands traduite, etc., iv. 232, 3.