English Grammar With Kudjo. Part 1. Понятная и забавная грамматика для детей и взрослых

Unit 4

Past Simple Tense

Простое прошедшее время

Прошедшее простое время показывает регулярное, законченное действие в прошлом. Все глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные. Правильные глаголы (regular verbs) образуют форму Past Simple с помощью окончания -ed, в то время как неправильные (irregular verbs) имеют свою особую форму, которую можно найти в таблице неправильных глаголов в конце книги.

Например, купил -bought, закрыл-closed.

Утвердительное предложение выглядит так:

подлежащее + глагол в форме Past Simple.

Kudjo woke up five minutes ago.

EXERCISE 1

Поставьте глагол в форму Past Simple:

When Kudjo /be/ a little puppy,

1 he /play/ all day long.

2 he /have/ too long legs and /fall/ down every time

3 he /love/ all the dogs that he /meet/.

4 he /taste/ everything that he /find/.

5 he /bark/ when he /be/ excited and he /be/ excited 20 hours a day!

6 he/can/ go 10 km non-stop.

7 he /enjoy/ looking at his reflection in mirrors and shop windows.

8 he /love/lying next to the laptop and watching me working.

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы строятся точно так же, как и в Present Simple при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в прошедшем времени- did.

Обратите внимание, что сам основной глагол при этом остается в нулевой форме.

Структура отрицательного предложения:

подлежащее+ did + not + глагол.

He didn’t go downstairs on his own.

При этом сокращенная форма didn’t звучит более естественно.

EXERCISE 2

Поставьте глагол в отрицательной форме в Present Simple или Past Simple:

1 When Kudjo was little, he/not like/ sleeping much. But now he /not like/ waking up early.

2 When Kudjo was little, he /not want/ to stay alone. Now he /not mind / doing it.

3 When Kudjo was little, he /not come/ up to big boxes and bags, now he/not come/ up either.

4 Yesterday he /not stay/ out for a long time because of a biting frost.

5 He /not wear/ clothes because he has thick fur.

6 He even /not bark/ yesterday because it was too cold to open his mouth.

7 He/not get/ any treats yesterday.

8 He usually /not go/ to bed before midnight and he / not kip/ down so early last night.

Вопросительное предложение в Past Simple выглядит так:

(вопросительное слово) + did + подлежащее + глагол?

What time did he go to bed last night?

EXERCISE 3

Поставьте вопрос к выделенному слову:

1 Kudjo met a lot of dogs at the exhibition last week.

2 Kudjo woke up very late last morning.

3 Kudjo ate abig bowl of meat for lunch yesterday.

4 Kudjo jumped off the bed very loudly and woke up everybody.

5 Kudjo lay down on the sofa and didn’t move for ages.

6 Kudjo brought a strange toy from his walk.

7 Kudjo ran a lot during his night walk.

8 Kudjo gave his paw to a little boy, who was crying.

Сигнальными словами для времени Past Simple являются следующие слова и сочетания: yesterday, when, ago, last night (week, month, year, etc.),in 2023, in the past.

EXERCISE 4

Поставьте правильный маркер: tonight, when, now, never, last January, usually, at the moment, last summer

1 Kudjo is watching boats fixedly *****.

2 Kudjo stole some raw meat and ate it ***** he was little.

3 Kudjo ***** lies next to me during my work.

4 Kudjo had a big birthday cake *****.

5 Kudjo is seeing his groomer *****.

6 We spent a great time in the country *****..

7 Look! Kudjo is digging out his toy*****..

8 Kudjo ***** eats shrimps. He hates them.

EXERCISE 5

Напишите предложения о вашем выдуманном идеальном дне рождения, используя глаголы в Past Simple и наши подсказки-вопросы.

For example,

My last birthday was exciting! I woke up on the top of a hill, which was made from a lot of presents…

1 wake up /what time? and where?/

2 see /what?/

3 eat /what?/

4 go /where?/

5 meet /who?/

6 do /what?/

7 return /where?/

8 have /what?/

EXERCISE 6

Напишите глагол в форме Present Simple или Past Simple:

1 Kudjo usually /wake/ up at 8 am, but yesterday he /sleep/ till 10 in the morning.

2 Kudjo always /go/ for a walk three times a day, but yesterday he /go/ out only twice.

3 Kudjo never /play/ with other dogs, but yesterday he /run/ after a sheep-dog.

4 Kudjo rarely /take/a nap in the afternoon, but yesterday he /sleep/ all day.

5 Kudjo hardly ever /watch/ cartoons, but yesterday he /watch/ The Simpsons.

6 Kudjo usually /not fight/ with other dogs, but yesterday he /fight/ with a bulldog.

7 Kudjo often /ask/ me for something tasty, but yesterday he even /not look/ at the box with treats.

8 Kudjo /wag/ his tail every time somebody comes up to him, but yesterday he just /sit/ down and /raise/ his paw.

EXERCISE 7

Поставь нужный глагол в пропуск в форме Past Simple:

Once Kudjo /get/ bored and/decide/ to invite his friend Chilly to have a little party at his place. They/go/ to the pet shop and /buy/ a lot of treats and /rush/ home to have a stag night. At first they /watch/ some series about alien dogs and then /play/ aliens.They/jump/ a lot, /play/ football and hide-and-seek and finally /become/ hungry and /open/ the bag with treats. When they /see/ those yummy pieces, they /forget/ about their friendship and /begin/ barking and roaring at each other. It /be/ so loud that a furious neighbor /come/ in, /grasp/ this bag and/threaten/ to splash water over them. He/sound/ so furious that the friends/get/ scared, /stop/ fighting immediately and /lie/ down on the sofa, hungry, tired and offended.

EXERCISE 8

Найдите ошибку и исправьте:

1 Kudjo reads a new book yesterday.

2 Kudjo falled downstairs and got hurt.

3 He is knowing what to do now.

4 Kudjo always bark at the hoover.

5 He don’t go for a walk last night.

6 Did he came home in time yesterday?

7 Kudjo didn’t forgot about the present.

8 Kudjo teached his friend to speak English.

⠀

EXERCISE 9

Отметьте правильный вариант:

1 Look at Kudjo! He ***** to climb the tree.

a is trying

b tries

c tried

2 We **** to the sea last summer.

a took our dogs and flied

b take our dogs and flew

c took our dogs and flew

3 Kudjo ***** salty water in the sea and got sick.

a drinked

b drinks

c drank

4 He usually ***** going by car.

a enjoys

b is enjoying

c enjoyed

5 He ***** to a dog show yesterday.

a went

b goes

c goed

6 Kudjo ***** the champion last month.

a becomed

b became

c becomes

7 Kudjo ***** a little kitten home last night.

a brang

b bringed

c brought

8 Kudjo ***** me make up sentences for the test at the moment.

a help

b is helping

c helped

EXERCISE 10

Переведите предложения, используя Present Simple, Present Continuous и Past Simple:

1 Вчера Куджо поссорился со своим другом из-за игрушки.

2 Они сейчас лежат на полу и слушают новости.

3 Куджо обычно ест 2 раза в день.

4 Как ты провел свои каникулы?

5 Куджо не слышит тебя сейчас. Говори громче.

6 В прошлом году Куджо занял первое место на конкурсе “самая милая мордашка”.

7 Куда ты так бежишь? – Я догоняю свою собаку, которая догоняет нашу кошку.

8 Как часто ты обнимаешь своего питомца?

Unit 5

Past Continuous Tense

Прошедшее продолженное время

Это время используется для обозначения действия, которое длилось в прошлом. Чаще всего эта длительность чем-то зафиксирована. Например, у нас есть конкретное время в прошлом или другое действие произошло в этот момент: At 5 pm yesterday Kudjo was reading a book about people. When he was reading, the light went off.

Время Past Continuous часто используется для создания фона или атмосферы повествования.Th e sun was shining.The birds were singing. The cats were mewing. Kudjo left the house for a walk.

Из примеров уже понятна структура предложения. Она очень похожа на конструкцию Present Continuous, но только глагол to be стоит в форме прошедшего времени  – was/were:

подлежащее + was/were + глагол с окончанием ing.

Look at Kudjo

What was he doing at 2 pm yesterday?

He was walking. He was standing on a bench. He was supporting his favorite football team.

EXERCISE 1

Напишите, кто что делал вчера в это время, используя Past Continuous:

For example,

At 5 am we were sleeping.

1 At 7 am I was*****.

2 At 9 am my family were *****.

3 At 11 am my dad was *****.

4 At 2 pm my mum was *****.

5 At 4 pm I was *****.

6 At 6 pm my friend was *****.

7 At 7 pm my neighbors were *****.

8 At 11 pm I was *****.

9 At 2 am everybody was *****.

EXERCISE 2

Давайте придумаем, что каждый делал в тот момент, когда приземлились инопланетяне на вашей улице. Используйте глаголы- подсказки в форме Past Continuous:

For example,

When aliens landed in our yard, we were having lunch.

1 play football

2 cook

3 swim in the pool

4 chase a cat

5 play hide-and-seek

6 grill salmon

7 water strawberries

8 eat raspberries

9 sunbathe

Отрицательное предложение строится таким образом:

подлежащее + was/were + not + глагол с окончанием ing.

He wasn’t frolicking.

В разговорном английском мы используем сокращенные формы wasn’t/ weren’t

EXERCISE 3

Найдите нужный глагол и поставьте его в отрицательную форму: play, fight, walk, look, bark, read, watch, have, hide

That time yesterday…

1 Kudjo ***** a book, he was sleeping on the sofa.

2 Kudjo ***** his favorite series, he was sleeping and having dreams.

3 Kudjo ***** in the park, he was sleeping at home.

4 Kudjo ***** lunch, he was sleeping fast.

5 Kudjo ***** at all, he was sleeping and snoring.

6 Kudjo ***** with another dog, he was sleeping and dreaming about it.

7 Kudjo ***** a bone, he was sleeping with the bone under the pillow.

8 Kudjo ***** football, he was sleeping like a log

9 Kudjo ***** out of the window, he was sleeping under a blanket.

Вопросительные предложения строятся по такому же принципу, как и вопросы в Present Continuous:

(вопросительное слово) + was/were + подлежащее+ глагол с окончанием ing?

What were you doing at 8 o’clock last night?

EXERCISE 4

Поставьте вопрос к выделенному слову:

1 Kudjo was chasing a crow.

2 Kudjo was helping me cook dinner.

3 We were walking in the park.

4 They were fighting because of a ball.

5 Kudjo was lying on the rug.

6 I was writing the book.

7 Kudjo was barking loudly at a garbage-truck.

8 He was sleeping under the table.

9 Kudjo was jumping around a tree to catch a squirrel.

Маркерами для этого времени являются слова и выражения, фиксирующие процесс:

when, while, as, at + время в прошлом. Самый главный маркер while используется для соединения двух одновременных действий:

He was sleeping curled up in a ball while I was working.

EXERCISE 5

Соедините обе части предложения:

1 While I was cooking lunch,

2 When we were walking in the forest,

3 Kudjo was taking a nap

4 I was making up these sentences

5 Kudjo was playing with a ball next to the pool

6 While I was watching a documentary about dogs

7 As I came in,

8 While other dogs were fighting because of the bone,

9 Kudjo was sitting and waiting

a when Kudjo came up with his ideas.

b Kudjo found a hedgehog.

c when a fire alarm went off and frightened him.

d Kudjo was listening to an audiobook about the first people.

e Kudjo was licking clean his bowls.

f while I was looking for his leash.

g Kudjo stole it.

h Kudjo was lying in bed under my favorite duvet.

i when the ball fell in the water.

EXERCISE 6

Напишите, что происходило вокруг вас, когда вы вчера вышли на улицу.

Можете использовать глаголы-подсказки в Past Continuous:

For example, snow – It was snowing heavily outside.

1 run

2 play

3 walk

4 sing

5 chase

6 shout

7 bark

8 drive

9 blow

EXERCISE 7

Поставьте глагол в форму Present Continuous или Past Continuous:

1 Listen! Kudjo / bark/ at something or somebody.

2 He/dig/ under the tree when I saw him.

3 I /sleep/ very fast and didn’t hear him jump onto my bed.

4 I/buy/ some treats for Kudjo when he took a toy from the shelf.

5 Shhhhh. Kudjo is /kip/.

6 Don’t open the drawer. I /hide/ Kudjo’s toys there and he mustn’t see them.

7 We/talk/ about flying to France when Kudjo came up with his passport in his teeth.

8 Kudjo /eat/ my dinner while I /talk/ on the phone in the next room.

9 I didn’t see Chilly because he /shelter/himself under Kudjo.

EXERCISE 8

Найдите ошибки в 7 предложениях:

1 We walking home yesterday when a big fat rat ran into Kudjo.

2 He breaked his leg last winter in a skating-rink.

3 Kudjo was walking me in the park when you called.

4 We are having grilled meat or fish almost every day in summer.

5 Kudjo is try to find something to eat now.

6 When we were on a sea holiday, Kudjo sleeped in the fresh air.

7 Where did you flew last June?

8 I didn’t bought anything for my pet yesterday

9 They were arguing very loudly when Kudjo started barking at them.

Кстати, если вы помните, мы используем Present Continuous с маркером always, чтобы показать недовольство. То же самое происходит в Past Continuous. Например, He always splashes water while drinking звучит нейтрально, а вот He was always splashing water показывает, что нас это раздражает.

EXERCISE 9

Определите в каких предложениях лучше поставить Past Continuous, чтобы выразить недовольство, а где лучше просто Past Simple.

1 Kudjo always / jump/ and /run/ around when he was little.

2 Kudjo always /roll/ in the dirt when he was a puppy!

3 Little Kudjo always /jump/ onto big dogs and they didn’t like it!

4 Little Kudjo always /run/ to everyone to kiss them.

5 Kudjo always /whine/ when he was alone!

6 When Kudjo was little, he always /tear/ new sheets!

7 Kudjo always/ask/ me to let him out when it was necessary.

8 Kudjo always /steal/ food from the table!

9 Kudjo always/smile/ when he was a puppy.

EXERCISE 10

Отметьте правильный вариант:

1 He ***** what to do. He is a clever dog.

a is knowing

b knowed

c knows

2 Kudjo ***** when a mosquito bit him.

a was sleeping

b is sleeping

c slept

3 Kudjo ***** a cat while the cat ***** a rat.

a is chasing/chases

b was chasing/was chasing

c chases/chases

4 Kudjo the piano, but he wants to.

a doesn’t play

b wasn’t playing

c didn’t play

5 At 3 am yesterday Kudjo ***** a dream about the planet of Akita dogs.

a had