Dixie After the War
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1
Gentlemen of the old regime would say: “A woman’s name should appear in print but twice – when she marries and when she dies”; the “Society” page of to-day was unknown to them. They objected to newspaper notoriety for themselves, and were prone to sign pseudonyms to their newspaper articles. Matoaca, loyal to her uncle’s prejudices, requires that I print him only by the name she gives him and the title, one which was affectionately applied to him by many who were not his kin. To give his real name in full would be to give hers.
2
General Ripley, in “Confederate Column” of the “Times-Dispatch,” Richmond, Virginia, May 29, 1904.
3
In 1793, 1803, 1812-14, 1844-50, Northern States threatened to secede. Of Massachusetts’ last movement Mr. Davis said in Congress: “It is her right.” Nov. 1, Dec. 17, Feb. 23, 1860-61, the “New York Tribune” said: “We insist on letting the Cotton States go in peace … the right to secede exists.”
4
For full statement, see Captain H. M. Clarke’s paper in Southern Hist. Society Paper, Vol. 9, pp. 542-556, and Paymaster John F. Whieless’ report, Vol. 10, 137.
5
The account which I had from Colonel Randall at the home of Mr. John M. Graham, Atlanta, Ga., in the spring of 1905, does not quite coincide with that given by Mrs. Clay in “A Belle of the Fifties.” In years elapsing since the war, some confusion of facts in memory is to be expected.
6
Fac-simile of the order under which Mr. Davis was chained appears in Charles H. Dana’s “Recollections of the Civil War,” p. 286. The hand that wrote it, when Mr. Davis died, paid generous tribute to him in the “Sun,” saying: “A majestic soul has passed.”
7
General Halleck to General Stanton (Richmond, April 28, 1865): “I forward General Orders No. 4… You will perceive from paragraph V, that measures have been taken to prevent, as far as possible, the propagation of legitimate rebels.” Paragraph V: “No marriage license will be issued until the parties desiring to be married take the oath of allegiance to the United States; and no clergyman, magistrate, or other party authorized by State laws to perform the marriage ceremony will officiate in such capacity until himself and the parties contracting matrimony shall have taken the prescribed oath of allegiance,” all under pains of imprisonment, etc.
8
“Why Solid South,” Hilary Herbert. To this book I owe a large debt for information, as does every other present-day writer on reconstruction.
9
An Englishman of Queen’s College; the Bishop of London had sent him as Chaplain to Lord Sligo, Governor of Jamaica, but at this time he was Rector of Christ Church, New Orleans.
10
“Civil War & Reconstruction in Alabama,” W. L. Fleming.
11
See Stewart on “Texas” in “Why Solid South,” by Hilary Herbert and others.
12
A collection of records, sketches, etc., edited and published by Mrs. Taylor, Mrs. Smythe, Mrs. Kohn, Miss Poppenheim and Miss Washington, of that State. Owner, August Kohn, Columbia, S. C. For confirmation of first chapter of this book, see same.
13
Syphilitic diseases, from which under slavery negroes were nearly exempt, combine with tuberculosis to undermine racial health.
14
See Susan Pendleton Lee’s “History of Virginia.”
15
Among Southerners assuring me that education is advancing negroes, I may mention ex-Mayor Ellyson, of Richmond, and Judge Watkins, of Farmville, who credit educated negro clergy with such moral improvement in the race. Both gentlemen were deeply interested in the educational work at Petersburg. Said Mayor Ellyson: “We take equal care in selecting teachers for both races.”
16
Such laws were adopted after 1830 in Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina, when secret agents of the abolitionists were spreading incendiary literature. It is a fact, though not generally understood, that abolition extremists arrested several emancipation movements in the South; whites dared not release to the guidance of fanatics a mass of semi-savages in whose minds doctrines of insurrection had been sown. See recent articles on Slavery in the “Confederate Veteran”; “The Gospel to the Slaves”; “An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States; with an Historical Sketch of Slavery,” by Thomas R. R. Cobb; and Southern histories of the Southern States.
17
See University of Iowa Studies, “Freedmen’s Bureau,” by Paul Skeels Pierce.
18
See “History of the Last Quarter Century in the United States,” by E. B. Andrews; “Reconstruction and the Constitution,” by J. W. Burgess; “Destruction and Reconstruction,” by Richard Taylor; “History of the American People; Reunion and Nationalism,” by Woodrow Wilson; “A Political Crime,” by A. M. Gibson; “The Lower South” and “History of the United States since the Civil War,” by W. G. Brown; “Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction” and “Reconstruction, Political and Economic,” by W. A. Dunning; articles in “Atlantic Monthly” during 1901; Johns Hopkins University Studies and Columbia University Studies; Walter L. Fleming’s “Documents Illustrative of the Reconstruction Period”; besides treating every phase of the subject, these “Documents” give a full bibliography; “A New South View of Reconstruction,” Trent, “Sewanee Review,” Jan., 1901; and other magazine articles.
19
Phelps’ “Louisiana,” Perry’s “Provisional Governorship,” “Why Solid South,” Hilary Herbert.
20
This case was used by Celina E. Means in “Thirty-four Years.” The Stevens case is misused by Tourgee in “A Fool’s Errand.”
21
See “Documents Illustrative of the Reconstruction Period,” by Walter L. Fleming, Professor of History, West Virginia University; also articles in the “Atlantic Monthly.”
22
This mirror had been built into the wall when the house was erected by the Captain’s grandfather, General Thomas Pinckney, of the Revolution, soon after his return from the Court of St. James, where he served as United States Minister by Washington’s appointment. It was Charles Cotesworth, brother of this Thomas, who threw down the gage to France in the famous words: “The United States has millions for defense but not one cent for tribute!”
23
See “Reconstruction in South Carolina,” by John S. Reynolds, in the Columbia “State.”
24
I think this was General Ruger or Colonel Black, but I let the name stand as my informant gave it.
25
See Sherman-Halleck correspondence in Sherman’s “Memoirs” on “the inevitable Sambo.” Also, W. T. Parker, U. S. A., on “The Evolution of the Negro Soldier,” N. Amer. Rev., 1899. Lincoln disbanded the troops organised by General Hunter.
26
In Boston, 1676. I suppose this is the case meant as it rests on court records. “The Nation,” 1903, published letters showing four specific cases from slavery’s beginning to 1864; that just cited, one mentioned in Miss Martineau’s “Society in America”; one reported in “Leslie’s Weekly,” 1864; one reported in a periodical not named. In the earliest days of slavery, laws enacted against negro rape (the penalty was burning) seem to show that the crime existed or that the Colonists feared it would exist. The fact that during the War of Secession, Southern men left their families in negro protection is proof conclusive that this tendency, if inherent, had been civilised out of the race.
27
For other reasons for rape than I have given see “The Negro; The Southerner’s Problem,” by Thomas Nelson Page, p. 112, and “The American Negro,” by William Hannibal Thomas (negro), pp. 65, 176-7, 223.
28
“The Negro in Africa and America,” J. A. Tillinghast. On miscegenation see “The Color Line,” W. B. Smith; also A. R. Colquhoun, N. Amer. Rev., May, 1903.
29
Fakirs, taking advantage of the general racial weakness, are selling “black skin removers,” “hair straighteners,” etc.
30
See Council, Penn, and Spencer, “Voice of Missions” (H. B. Parks, Ed.), Sept., Nov., Dec., 1905. See Booker T. Washington’s “Up from Slavery,” “Character Building,” “Future of the American Negro.”
31
See Council, Penn, and Spencer, “Voice of Missions” (H. B. Parks, Ed.), Sept., Nov., Dec., 1905. See Booker T. Washington’s “Up from Slavery,” “Character Building,” “Future of the American Negro.”
32
See Council, Penn, and Spencer, “Voice of Missions” (H. B. Parks, Ed.), Sept., Nov., Dec., 1905. See Booker T. Washington’s “Up from Slavery,” “Character Building,” “Future of the American Negro.”
33
See Council, Penn, and Spencer, “Voice of Missions” (H. B. Parks, Ed.), Sept., Nov., Dec., 1905. See Booker T. Washington’s “Up from Slavery,” “Character Building,” “Future of the American Negro.”
34
“‘Decoration Day,’ a legal holiday. The custom of ‘Memorial Day,’ as it is otherwise called, originated with the Southern States and was copied scatteringly in Northern States. On May 5, 1868, General John A. Logan, then Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, issued an order appointing May 30.” – Encyclopedia Americana.
35
In this church, Patrick Henry said: “Give me liberty or give me death!”