Английский язык. Грамматический справочник. Эффективная подготовка к экзаменам
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Существительные. Единственное и множественное число
1. Существительные в большинстве случаев при образовании множественного числа получают окончание -s.
Примеры:
apple – apples,
table – tables,
machine – machines
2. Если существительное заканчивается на -s, -ss, -sh,-ch, -x, -o – то во множественном числе оно получает окончание -еs.
Примеры:
box – boxes
bus – buses
dush – bushes
tomato – tomatoes
baby – babies
Но! Photo – photos / video – videos
3. Существительные, заканчивающиеся на согласную + y, вместо -y получают -ies во множественном числе.
Примеры:
try – tries
fly – flies
Но!
4. Существительные, заканчивающиеся на гласную (-a/e/o/u) + y, получают окончание -s.
Примеры:
toy – toys
boy – boys
5. Существительные, заканчивающиеся на -f/-fe, во множественном числе получают окончание -ves.
Примеры:
thief – thieves
wife – wives
knife – knives
Ho! roof – roofs
proof – proofs
chief – chiefs
6. Следующие исключения необходимо запомнить:
man – men, woman – women, policeman – policemen, fireman – firemen,
child – children, ox – oxen;
tooth – teeth, goose – geese, foot – feet, mouse – mice;
sheep – sheep, fish – fish, deer – deer
1.1. Образуйте множественное число данных существительных:
an ox, a dog, a fly, a wife, a knife, a man, a top, a shelf, a radio, a policeman, a toy, a crash, a locker, a flower, a blow, a drop, a proof, a clap, a guy, a church, a fox, a potato, a army, a party, a teacher, a month, a coat, a bridge, a volcano, a party, a banana, a room, a day, a fly, a knife, a sandwich, a university, a shelf, a play, a key, a taxi, a way, a tragedy, a language, a comedy, a parrot, a dog, a watch, a puppy, a flamingo, a glass, a box, a lady, a piano, a tomato, a city, a computer, a lion, a subway, a butterfly, a theatre, a girlfriend, a hero, a cargo, a wolf
1.2. Напишите данные предложения во множественном числе:
1.3. Заполните пропущенные слова. Одно слово лишнее.
oxen/geese/thieves/bushes/children/men/sheep/fish
1. The Browns’ have four ______. They all go to the kindergarten.
2. After sneaking out of the house ______ were hiding in the ______.
3. The Browns’ had a lot of animals on their farm: ______, _____, ______.
4. They say there is a lot of ______ in the pond.
1.4. Образуйте множественное число существительных:
1.5. Найди ошибки в словах:
Photoes – photos, dodoes, zeroes, tomatoes, potatos, kiloes, buffaloes, videos, pianoes, mosquitoes, stereoes, radios, studios, echos, heroes, gooses, foots, citys, wolfes, mens, womans.
________________________________________________________________
1.6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя имена существительные во множественном числе:
I have two little brothers (a brother). They are (1)_____ (a twin). They have a lot of (2) ______ (a pencil) and ______ (an album). They like to draw (3) _____,_______,_______,______,______ and ________. (a house, a tree, a dogs, a duck, a star and a doll). My elder sisters cannot draw (4) ______, _____,______ and ______. (a car, a bus, an animal and an apple). I help them.
My (5) ______ and ______ (a grandmother, a grandfather,) live in a big village. They have a nice farm. There are a lot of (6)_____, ______, _______, _______ and _______ (a cow, a calf, a horse, a pig and a piglet) there. I like to play with (7) ______ (a rabbit). They are very funny.
My best friend has three elder (8) ______ (a brother). They are (9) ______ (a student). They have a lot of (10) _______ (an interest). They like to play computer (11) ______ (a game), to watch horror _____ (a film), and to collect ______ (a stamp) and toy _____ (a bus). I think their (12) _______ (a hobby) are very interesting.
Местоимения
Местоимения используются, чтобы избежать повторений в речи, заменяет существительные, прилагательные.
My friend’s name is Jon, he is a nice fellow though sometimes he only thinks of himself. Once I wanted to take a book from our library but he insisted it was his. So I had to give it back to him.
Личные местоимения
Существует два типа:
1. Именительный падеж (кто? что?) (I, you, we, they)
заменяют в тексте существительные,
имена нарицательные, чтобы избежать повторения.
Пример: Michael goes to school every day. Apparently, he likes attending the classes.
2. Объектный падеж (кого? что? кому? чему?)
Пример: I brought him the book from my last trip. So he didn’t forget me and brought me the pencils from his last trip.
Личные местоимения в именительном падеже в предложении выступают в роли подлежащего, ставится перед глаголом, в то время как объектный падеж выступает в роли дополнения, ставится после глагола.
Пример: I gave him the book.
Притяжательные местоимения
Также делятся на 2 группы, отвечают на вопросы (какой? какая? какое? Какие?), характеризуют принадлежность объекта и связь между ними. На русский язык оба типа переводятся одинаково. Второй тип местоимений используется, чтобы избежать повторов в предложении. Существительное после него не употребляется, в то время как первый тип притяжательных местоимений всегда сопровождается существительным.
Пример: Моя кошка чёрная. Его кошка белая. Ему не нравится моя кошка. Эта кошка моя.
My cat is black. His cat is white. He doesn’t’ like my cat. The cat is mine.
Возвратные местоимения
Возвратное местоимение в русском языке переводится как «себя» либо суффикс «-ться». Возвратные местоимения используются для обозначения выполнения действия самим субъектом или когда действие направлено на самого человека.
Примеры:
I cut myself. Я порезался.
She introduced herself. Она представилась.
John introduces himself. Джон представил себя сам.
We cooked the dinner ourselves. Мы сами приготовили этот ужин.
В единственном числе добавляется суффикс -self
Во множественном числе – -selves (обратите внимание на правило образования множественного числа существительных -f/-fe – -ves).
2.1. Замените слово в скобках на личное местоимение:
1. He is sleeping. (George)
2. ___ is brown. (the blackboard)
3. ___ are on the shelf. (the books)
4. ___ is running. (the boy)
5. ___ are watching videos on YouTube. (my friends and I)
6. ___ are in the shop. (the flowers)
7. ___ is riding his bike. (Ted)
8. ___ is from New York. (Victor)
9. ___ has got a brother. (Diana)
10. Has ____ got a computer? (Mark)
2.2. Выберите подходящий тип притяжательного местоимения:
1. Is this yours / your ball?
2. It's theirs / their problem, not our/ours.
3. It's a bad idea of your / yours to go to the bar tonight.
4. Are these her / hers shoes?
5. We're going swimming with some friends of our/ours.
6. Is it yours / your article about spiders? – No, it's not my / mine.
7. We know their / theirs phone number but they don't know our / ours.
8. That's not my / mine book. Mine / my is with me.
9. His home is bigger than her / hers but her / hers is modern.
10. My / mine parents live in Moscow region, and your / yours?
2.3. Дополните текст притяжательными местоимениями:
1. Trevor and Stuart write articles for their school newspaper.
2. Mark nodded at ____ wife as if he wanted to say «You see?»
3. Do you think they are losing ____ popularity?
4. From ____ place I could watch the people eating ____ lunch.
5. I like ____ new bag. I bought it two days ago.
6. He took off ______ shirt and loosened ____ tie.
7. My dad usually came to ____ office at 6 o'clock.
8. They’ve got three children but I don’t remember ____
9. We are going to invite all ____ friends to the party.
10. We’re staying at a very nice hotel. ____ room is very comfortable.
2.4. Замените слова, выделенные жирным шрифтом на личные местоимения:
1. That poor man looks as if he needs a new coat. He
2. Kilye arrived yesterday. I met Kilye at the station. ____
3. When the lions saw us, they began roaring. _____
4. Mike and I were hoping no-one would find us. _____
5. You and Mike can come if you like. ____
6. Jake hurt himself. ____
2.5. Дополните тексты местоимениями:
1)
– Do you know Andy?
– Sure, he's in my class, I study with ___ Why?
– Oh, nothing. I want him to help me, that's all.
– I have ___ phone number. Call him!
– Ok, thanks!
2)
– Hey Tyler, do you like lemon cakes?
– Yea, I really like ___.
– And do you like green tea?
– Sure, I like ___.
– And how about sweets?
– Yep, I like ____ too. Why?
– I want to invite you to my birthday party.
– Great! I will be there.
2.6. Добавьте соответствующее возвратное местоимение:
1. I did not want to believe it and then I saw the yeti myself.
2. The boy looked at _____ in the mirror.
3. Mike, you'll have to do your homework ______.
4. You don't need to come tonight. They can repair the car _____.
5. I introduced _____ to my new classmate.
6. Boys, can you make your beds ______?
7. My granny used to make wool clothes _________.
8. What happens when a fighting fish sees ______ in the mirror?
9. He decided to go shopping ______.
10. We can fix it ______.
2.7. Найдите ошибки в предложениях:
1. These aren’t ours flowers. These aren’t our flowers.
2. Yours watermelon was very sweet.
3. How many books are there in hers library?
4. The elephant hurt his leg.
5. Is this telephone your?
6. It’s theirs camera, don’t touch it, please.
7. Theirs teacher is younger than ours.
8. She is a friend of my.
9. The umbrella belongs to hers.
10. Did you like mine present?
2.8. Дополните текст местоимениями в объектном падеже:
1. My brother loves cookies. This cookie is for him.
2. My children like cartoons. The movies aren’t for ________.
3. My granny collects china. These beautiful cups are for ________.
4. My parents like music from the 90s. The memory stick with the music is for _______.
5. I like sunglasses. From her last trip my aunt brought _____ another sunglasses.
6. My wife and I love sweets. These sweets are for _____.
7. My nephew likes cars. The toy truck is for _______.
8. My teacher wants to go to London next year. The guide book is for _____.
9. I have so many socks. I don't know what to do with ______.
10. I have a problem and don’t know what to do with ______.
2.9. Дополните текст притяжательными местоимениями:
1. This is my elder sister. Her name's Sue.
2. These are my nephews. ___ names are Peter and Ben.
3. These are my friends. ___ names are Tom and David.
4. This is my cousin. ___ name's Mary.
5. This is my father. ___ name's Paul.
6. These are my classmates. ___ names are Terry and Jane.
7. This is my aunt. ___ name's Pam.
2.10. Дополните предложения соответствующими местоимения используя than и заменив существительные в скобках:
1. Their house is bigger than mine (my house).
2. The street he lives on is wider _______________ (their street).
3. Father’s suit is more fashionable _______________ (grandpa’s suit).
4. Your test doesn’t take that much time _______________ (her test).
5. Her flat is larger _______________ (our kitchen).
6. This car drives more quickly _______________ (your car).
7. My armchair is more comfortable _______________ (their armchairs).
8. Her studies are more complicated _______________ (her sister).
Прилагательное
Существует три степени сравнения прилагательных в английском языке – положительная, сравнительная и превосходная.
My friend Jon has a huge library at home though he has not got much space and keeps all his books on a small shelf. He is also keen on old books. There are a lot of interesting books. There is one that I find the most interesting is Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Caroll. I think classical literature is more interesting than modern one.
Большинство прилагательных имеют степени сравнения.
старый – старше – самый старый
old – older – the oldest
У прилагательных, содержащих абсолютное значение, нет сравнительной степени.
Например, huge – огромный (не может быть огромнее и т. д.)
Сравнительная степень может сопровождаться словами-маркерами, например than.
Our local library is smaller than the one in the city.
Сравнительная степень образуется при помощи следующего суффикса -er.
Прилагательные в превосходной степени получают суффикс -est и сопровождается определенным артиклем – the.
small – smaller – the smallest
При этом прилагательные с -y на конце получают суффикс -ier и -iest соответственно.
happy – happier – the happiest
У односложных прилагательных удваивается:
hot – hotter – the hottest
–e в конце у прилагательного опускается.
large – larger – the largest
brave – braver – the bravest
Многосложные прилагательные в сравнительной степени получают more и в превосходной the most.
interesting – more interesting – the most interesting
effective – more effective – the most effective
Исключения:
good – better – the best
bad – worse – the worst
little – less – the least
many – more – the most
far – farther, further – the farthest, furthest
old – older, elder – the oldest, eldest
Farther, the farthest используется в отношении местонахождения.
a. Our house is farther from the center than theirs.
b. Read further!
Elder, the eldest используется в значении «по старшинству»
c. His father died and Mike, who is 16, is now the eldest in the family.
d. My elder sister lives in Europe.
3.1. Напишите сравнительные и превосходные степени прилагательных:
3.2. Дополните предложения прилагательными в сравнительной степени:
1. My flat is smaller than my brother’s house. (small)
2. The blue shoes are _____ than the black ones. (nice)
3. This book is _____ than that one. (interesting)
4. The nights are getting ______ in winter. (dark)
5. When I was a child, my hair was _____ than now. (long)
6. This comic book is ______ than the film. (funny)
7. My result in the test was _____ than his. (good)
8. Racing car is _____ than a usual one. (expensive)
9. Einstein’s ideas were _____ than the ideas of modern scientists. (smart)
10. Football is _____ than volleyball in our country. (popular)
3.3. Дополните предложения прилагательными в превосходной степени:
1. Our house is the biggest in the street. (big)
2. He is _______ of four children. (old)
3. ______ man in the world is 120 years old. (old)
4. Let’s go there – it's ______ shop in the town. (cheap)
5. My brother says The Beatles were ______ group ever. (popular)
6. The Nile is _______ river in the world. (long)
7. Everest is _______ mountain in the world. (high)
8. Is the president ______ man in the country? (important)
9. Sam is a terrible footballer – he's _____ player in the team. (bad)
10. What's ______ city in the world? (busy)
3.4. Дополните предложения сравнительной и превосходной степенями прилагательных:
A) My name is Mark and I live in Moscow.
I'm 15, but I'm 1.73 meters tall. All my friends are (1) shorter (SHORT) than me and I'm (2) _____ (TALL) person in my family.
Everyone thinks I'm (3) _____ (YOUNG) than 15. On the bus they think I'm a kid. As I went to secondary school I was a bit worried. Most of the people were (4) _____ (FRIENDLY) and _____ (HELPFUL) than at primary school but some students used to tease at me. It turned out people take it (5) _____ (EASY) at secondary school and I've got a lot of friends.
Clothes are always a big problem. I usually buy my clothes at a shop near my school, but they are (6) _____ (EXPENSIVE) than elsewhere. Shoes are even (7) _____ (BAD).
There are some advantages. I play basketball and some people even say I'm (8) _____ (GOOD) player in the school.
3.5. Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1. He found himself а safer place somewhere out of town.
a) safer
b) more safe
c) more safer
d) safest
2. We prefer the restaurant though it is _______ from the center.
a) the farther
b) farthest
c) the farthest
d) furthest
3. This detailed map is ________ the atlas.
a) more useful as
b) more useful like
c) more useful than
d) usefuller as
4. Safari parks are ________ places of all to keep animals.
a) better
b) the best
c) most better
d) more better
5. This computer is ________ advanced than the old model.
a) farther
b) far most
c) far
d) far more
6. They talked about ____________ developments in agriculture.
a) the least
b) the latter
c) the latest
d) the late
7. The situation is _____________ now and there isn't an easy solution.
a) less more complicated
b) many more complicate
c) much more complicated
d) farther more complicated
8. People stay indoors during the _________ part of the day.
a) most hottest
b) more hotter
c) most hotter
d) hottest
3.6. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Джон старше Питера.
2. Мари самая красивая девочка в классе.
3. Мой старший брат быстрее меня.
4. Мой друг самый добрый человек в мире.
5. У Елены самые длинные волосы в школе.
6. Мой кузен самый высокий в семье.
7. Моя игрушка лучше всех.
8. Моя книга менее интересная, чем у брата.
3.7. Вставьте more или less.
1. People are more intelligent than monkeys.
2. Summer holidays are _____ splendid than winter holidays.
3. Literature is ______ important than English.
4. Books are ______ interesting than films.
5. Writing in English is _____ difficult than speaking.
6. Parents are ______ helpful than teachers.
7. Reading is _______ useful than watching TV.
8. Food is _____ expensive than clothes.
3.8. Найдите и исправьте ошибки.
1. I’m more clever than my brother. Cleverer
2. Sue is prettyer than Jane.
3. Tyler is more handsomer than his brother.
4. Twins are closest people in the world.
5. My father is the stronger man in the world.
6. They are patienter than others.
7. He was told to stay the longest than his friends.
8. They were going to stay in Paris for more two weeks.
9. She likes to go for a walk on a quieter evening.
10. We want to stay long in Paris as it is a beautiful city.
3.9. Дополните предложения сравнительной и превосходной степенями прилагательных:
1. Sam is a far more intelligent (intelligent) person than my brother.
2. Sindy was the _________ (practical) of the family.
3. Bobby felt __________ (bad) yesterday than the day before.
4. This dessert is the ____________ (good) I’ve ever tasted.
5. Jack was the ________ (tall) of the two.
6. Sarah is the __________ (beautiful) of the three sisters.
7. If you need any ___________ (far) information, please contact our head office.
8. The sinking of Titanic is one of _____________ (famous) shipwreck stories of all time.
9. Please, send the books back without _________ (far) delay.
10. The deposits of oil in Russia are by far the __________ (rich) in the world.
11. Could you come a bit _______ (early) tomorrow?
12. I like this song _________ (much) than the previous one.
13. Which of these two performances did you enjoy ________ (much)?
14. The fire was put out _________ (quickly) than we expected.
3.10 Дополните предложения прилагательными в сравнительной степени (добавьте than, где необходимо):
1. New washing machines are much more quiet than / quieter than (quiet) old washing machines.
2. Do you think money is __________________ (important) good health?
3. This dress is __________________ (nice) that one.
4. Old cell phones were a lot __________________ (big) new ones.
5. Flats are so expensive in this area, we will buy a flat in a __________________ (cheap) area.
6. Many people think modern life is __________________ (good) life in the past.
7. Communication has become a lot __________________ (easy) it was 50 years ago.
8. The pollution in my city is much __________________ (bad) it used to be 10 years ago.
9. I prefer __________________ (warm) water. That’s why we travel to the sea in summer.
10. Our favorite shopping center is __________________ (far) the new supermarket.
Числительные
От 0 до 12
0 – zero
1 – one
2 – two
3 – three
4 – four
5 – five
6 – six
7 – seven
8 – eight
9 – nine
10 – ten
11 – eleven
12 – twelve
13—19, образуются путем добавления суффикса – teen
13 – thirteen
14 – fourteen
15 – fifteen
16 – sixteen
17 – seventeen
18 – eighteen
19 – nineteen
20—90, образуются путем добавления суффикса -ty
20 – twenty
30 – thirty
40 – forty
50 – fifty
60 – sixty
70 – seventy
80 – eighty
90 – ninety
100 – one (a) hundred
1,000 – one (a) thousand
1,000,000 – one (a) million
1,000,000,000 – a (one) milliard (в Англии); a (one) billion (в США)
Составные числительные от 20 до 100 пишутся через дефис:
Примеры:
23 twenty-three, 55 fifty-five
После 100 добавляется союз and.
Примеры:
365 three hundred and sixty-five
456 four hundred and fifty-six
Порядковые числительные в английском языке используются для обозначения порядка, образуются путем добавления суффикса -th.
Примеры:
fourth, при этом five – fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, eleventh и т. д.
Исключения:
first – первый
second – второй
third – третий
Написание дат:
При написании и произношении года, цифры «делятся» пополам.
Примеры:
1826 – eighteen twenty-six
1745 – seventeen forty-five
2006 – twenty oh six
2000— two thousand
25th July, 2019 – the twenty-fifth of July, twenty nineteen;
25th July, 2019 – July the twenty-fifth, twenty nineteen;
July 25 (25th), 2019