National Geographic Kids Chapters: Parrot Genius: And More True Stories of Amazing Animal Talents

Copyright © 2014 National Geographic Society

All rights reserved. Reproduction of the whole or any part of the contents without written permission from the publisher is prohibited.

Published by the National Geographic Society

Gary E. Knell, President and Chief Executive Officer

John M. Fahey, Chairman of the Board

Declan Moore, Executive Vice President; President, Publishing and Travel

Melina Gerosa Bellows, Publisher and Chief Creative Officer, Books, Kids, and Family

Prepared by the Book Division

Hector Sierra, Senior Vice President and General Manager

Nancy Laties Feresten, Senior Vice President, Kids Publishing and Media

Jennifer Emmett, Vice President, Editorial Director, Kids Books

Eva Absher-Schantz, Design Director, Kids Publishing and Media

Jay Sumner, Director of Photography, Kids Publishing

R. Gary Colbert, Production Director

Jennifer A. Thornton, Director of Managing Editorial

Staff for This Book

Shelby Alinsky, Project Editor

Amanda Larsen, Art Director

Kelley Miller, Senior Photo Editor

Ruth Ann Thompson, Designer

Marfé Ferguson Delano, Editor

Ariane Szu-Tu, Editorial Assistant

Callie Broaddus, Design Production Assistant

Grace Hill, Associate Managing Editor

Joan Gossett, Production Editor

Lewis R. Bassford, Production Manager

Susan Borke, Legal and Business Affairs

Production Services

Phillip L. Schlosser, Senior Vice President

Chris Brown, Vice President, NG Book Manufacturing

George Bounelis, Senior Production Manager

Nicole Elliott, Director of Production

Rachel Faulise, Manager

Robert L. Barr, Manager

The National Geographic Society is one of the world’s largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations. Founded in 1888 to “increase and diffuse geographic knowledge,” the Society’s mission is to inspire people to care about the planet. It reaches more than 400 million people worldwide each month through its official journal, National Geographic, and other magazines; National Geographic Channel; television documentaries; music; radio; films; books; DVDs; maps; exhibitions; live events; school publishing programs; interactive media; and merchandise. National Geographic has funded more than 10,000 scientific research, conservation, and exploration projects and supports an education program promoting geographic literacy.

For more information, please visit nationalgeographic.com, call 1-800-NGS LINE (647-5463), or write to the following address:

National Geographic Society, 1145 17th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036-4688 U.S.A.

Visit us online at nationalgeographic.com/books

For librarians and teachers: ngchildrensbooks.org

National Geographic supports K–12 educators with ELA Common Core Resources. Visit natgeoed.org/commoncore for more information.

More for kids from National Geographic: kids.nationalgeographic.com

For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact National Geographic Books Special Sales: ngspecsales@ngs.org

For rights or permissions inquiries, please contact National Geographic Books Subsidiary Rights: ngbookrights@ngs.org

Trade paperback ISBN: 978-1-4263-1770-5

Reinforced library edition ISBN: 978-1-4263-1771-2

eBook ISBN: 978-1-4263-1772-9

v3.1

Version: 2017-07-10

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

EINSTEIN: Parrot Genius!

Chapter 1: It’s a Zoo Here!

Chapter 2: Bird Brain

Chapter 3: Superstar!

OTIS: When Pugs Fly

Chapter 1: Pug or Pig?

Chapter 2: High-Flying Pug

Chapter 3: Famous Flyer!

MUDSLINGER: Hamming It Up!

Chapter 1: Pigs in a Blanket

Chapter 2: Pigheaded

Chapter 3: High on the Hog

Sneak Preview of Horse Escape Artist!

More Information

Dedication

Credits

Acknowledgments

Einstein is especially curious. That makes her easy to train.

Einstein joined the Knoxville Zoo in Tennessee when she was five years old.

Imagine you’re at the zoo. You hear a tiger growl. That’s not surprising. Lots of zoos have tigers. But what if you’re nowhere near the tiger exhibit? Next you hear a chimp screech. But there are no chimps around. And then a pirate says, “Arrgh!” Is it some kind of trick? Not if you’re at the Knoxville (sounds like NOX-vil) Zoo in Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A. It means you’ve just found Einstein, one of the most amazing parrots in the world!

Did You Know?

Albert Einstein was a German-born scientist. He was considered a genius and won a Nobel Prize. He also owned a parrot named Bibo.

Einstein joined the Knoxville Zoo more than 20 years ago. The zoo wanted to put together an animal show. It hired an animal talent scout. That’s someone who looks for awesome animals that can learn to perform. When the talent scout heard about a very smart five-year-old parrot named Einstein, he knew he had to meet her.

Einstein is an African gray parrot. In the wild, African grays live in large groups called flocks. Some flocks have 100 birds. Living in such large groups makes them social, or friendly, with each other.

African gray parrots live in the rain forests of Africa. But Einstein was not born in Africa. She was hatched in California. Einstein’s owners could tell that she was extra smart. That’s why they named her after the scientist Albert Einstein. He was so smart that people called him a genius!

The talent scout drove over to meet Einstein. Would she be as brainy as her namesake? He hoped so. The breeders introduced him to Einstein. Einstein turned her head this way and that. Then she said a few words to him. That’s right—she spoke!

All African gray parrots can mimic sounds. But not all African grays choose to do so. The scout could see that Einstein was naturally chatty. She would be easy to train. He took her to the Knoxville Zoo to try her out for the show.

Let’s talk parrots:

• There are over 350 types of parrots in the world.

• Parrots usually live in tropical areas. But one type (above), the kea (sounds like KEE-eh), lives in the snowy mountains of southern New Zealand.

• Most parrots are brightly colored. Macaws (sounds like muh-KAWS) are some of the most colorful.

• All parrots have curved beaks.

• Most parrots eat seeds and fruit. Some eat flowers and bugs.

• Parrots have four toes on each foot. Two toes point forward and two point backward.

• The biggest parrots are the macaw (left) and the large cockatoo.

The trainers at the Knoxville Zoo put Einstein in her new home. They knew that like some people, parrots can be afraid of new places. But Einstein wasn’t an ordinary parrot. She was curious. She checked out the parrot cage. It was big enough to hold a couple of large dogs. She saw that it had several perches, or branches. It also had three bowls. One was for water. Another was for food—berries and seeds. The third bowl was empty. Soon Einstein would find out what it was for.

In no time, Einstein made herself at home. Zoo trainers put toys in her cage. They gave her shiny beads to play with. They gave her bells to ring. Sometimes they hid food inside tubes. She liked to figure out how to get the food out!

It didn’t take the zoo long to decide that Einstein would be good in the show. But she had to be trained. Scientists say that African grays are as smart as five-year-old children. But they behave like two-year-olds. That meant Einstein had a lot to learn.

Teresa Collins became her first head trainer at the zoo. Teresa knew the first thing Einstein needed to learn was to trust her. So she dropped treats into the third bowl in Einstein’s cage whenever she walked by. Sometimes she tossed a peanut into the treat bowl. That was the best. Einstein loved peanuts! Einstein soon learned that Teresa made good things happen.

After a while, Teresa tried something new. Instead of dropping a treat into the bowl, she pinched the food between her fingers. She held it out to Einstein. African gray parrots have strong beaks. Teresa wanted Einstein to take the food gently. Einstein had learned that Teresa was her friend. She knew better than to bite the hand that fed her.

One day, Teresa put her hand into Einstein’s cage. She hoped Einstein would climb onto it. It would mean that Einstein trusted her. Trusting a human can take time, so it’s a big step for a parrot. But not for Einstein. Einstein went to Teresa right away. She even let Teresa pet her chest.

Did You Know?

Sometimes African gray parrots will shrink the pupils in their eyes, bob their heads, stretch their necks, and throw up. It’s a sign that they love you!

Now Einstein was ready to learn some new words. How quickly would she learn? Teresa wondered. We say that African gray parrots “talk.” But actually, they mimic, or copy, sounds. They have a lot of muscles (sounds like MUH-sels) in their necks. They use them to change how the air goes through their throats. That makes different sounds. It’s kind of like playing a flute.

African grays can make 2,000 different sounds. It’s fun for them. But it also protects them. In the wild, some large birds, like hawks, owls, and eagles, feed on parrots. If one grabs an African gray, the bird makes a loud noise. Screech! The large bird lets go of the parrot. Imagine you are about to take a bite of pizza. Suddenly, it screams. You’d drop it pretty fast, too!

Teresa wanted Einstein to copy her. She would speak a word to Einstein. Sometimes Einstein said the word right away. Sometimes Teresa had to repeat it over and over. Teresa discovered that Einstein liked saying lots of words. But sometimes she refused to repeat a word. Parrots will only make sounds they like.

Einstein didn’t copy just the sounds her trainers made. She copied any sound she liked. She loved the sound of water running. So she taught herself that sound. Once she heard an embarrassing sound. Oops. Someone passed gas. Einstein copied that sound too. Maybe she needs to learn, “Excuse me!”

Parrots can feed themselves with their feet. But this brainy bird can do a whole lot more!

One day Teresa had a brainstorm. Einstein lived in a zoo with all kinds of animals. Would the parrot enjoy making animal sounds? Teresa wondered. So Teresa howled like a wolf. “Aaooo!”

“Aaooo!” Einstein howled back.

“Whoo, whoo, whoooo!” Teresa hooted like an owl.

“Whoo, whoo, whoooo!” Einstein hooted back. Einstein loved to imitate animal sounds.

After a while, Teresa decided to teach Einstein to make these sounds “on cue.” That means making a sound in response to a question. It was harder to teach—and to learn!

First, Teresa waited for Einstein to copy a sound, like “meow.” She gave Einstein a treat. Then she asked a question. “What does a cat say?” When Einstein said “meow” again, she got another treat. This time she got a big treat—a peanut! Teresa did this over and over. Soon Einstein said “meow” whenever Teresa asked her what a cat said.

One time Einstein heard a funny sound and started repeating it. It sounded like “Arrgh.” It made her trainer think of a pirate. Pirates often had colorful parrots on their shoulders. So her trainer said, “What do pirates say?”

Did You Know?

Crows are also very intelligent birds. They can make and use tools. One crow was filmed making a wire hook to get food!

“Arrgh,” said Einstein. Teresa and Einstein said it over and over. In just a couple of hours, Einstein had a new sound on cue!

Teresa and the other trainers picked out new sounds for Einstein to learn. When they agreed on one, they would all say it to her whenever they saw her. Before long, Einstein could make 200 sounds, including many animal noises! That’s more than almost any other parrot, even other African grays.

Einstein stood out because she knew a lot of sounds. And she learned fast. But there are other parrots that can make a lot of sounds. What makes Einstein extra special is that she remembers sounds on cue. Most other parrots can only remember 13 or 14 sounds on cue at a time. But that’s not how Einstein’s brain works. She doesn’t forget old cues when she learns new ones. Einstein knows 85 words on cue. She really is amazing!

Does Einstein understand what she’s saying? Her trainers say that’s a hard question to answer. Sometimes the parrot says something that isn’t right. One time, her trainer said, “Make an evil laugh.” Usually Einstein says, “Nyah-ah-ah.” But this time, Einstein said, “I love you.”

But sometimes she says things that make a lot of sense, even if she isn’t given a cue. One day a trainer was eating in front of her. “What are you doing?” Einstein asked. She cocked her head. She was looking for a treat. When the trainer didn’t give her one, she said, “Mmmmm,” like we say when something tastes really good. No one taught her that! Soon she started doing it whenever a trainer was eating. She was training her trainer to give her a treat!

Once Einstein didn’t get a treat when she said “Mmmmm.” To get her trainer’s attention, she lay on her back in her cage. She stuck her feet in the air. She looked right at her trainers. “What are you doing, sweetheart?” she asked. Her trainers thought she was complaining because she wasn’t getting a treat. They laughed really hard and gave her one.

Dr. Irene Pepperberg, a scientist, believes that parrots understand language. She wanted to prove her idea. She had a parrot, an African gray parrot named Alex. She trained him and studied him for 30 years. Alex learned over 150 words. And he showed signs of understanding language. So maybe when Einstein seems to understand, she really does!

Even though Einstein knew a lot of words, she had other things to learn before she would be ready for the zoo’s show. Her trainers taught her to get in and out of her cage when she was told. And they gave her treats when she stayed on her perch. But she had one more important thing to learn.

Scientists have taught apes to understand human language. Dr. Pepperberg tried to do the same thing with her parrot, Alex. She showed him different colored things. Then she asked him to pick out something blue. He did, over and over. She asked him how many items he saw. He would count up to six things. Sometimes Alex asked for something. If Dr. Pepperberg gave him the wrong item, he told her. She thought this showed that he could understand.

Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.

Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».

Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.

Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.