Development of Entrepreneurial Competencies in the Economy (Evidence From Digital Entrepreneurship)

REVISTA INCLUSIONES

ISSN 0719–4706 – Volumen 7 / Número Especial / Enero – Marzo 2020 pp. 54-69

Ph. D. Mihail Nikolaevich Dudin

Market Economy Institute of RAS (MEI RAS), Russia

Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Russia

dudinmn@mail.ru

Ph. D. (C) Oleg Fedorovich Shakhov

Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA) Russia

oshahov@gmail.com

Ph. D. Natalia Pavlovna Ivashchenko

Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Russia

nivashenko@mail.ru

Ph. D. (c) Margarita Sergeevna Shakhova

Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Russia

shakhova_msu@bk.ru

Fecha de Recepción: 03 de agosto de 2019 – Fecha Revisión: 23 de agosto de 2019

Fecha de Aceptación: 24 de noviembre de 2019 – Fecha de Publicación: 01 de enero de 2020

The article defines the essence of competencies and in particular, entrepreneurial competencies, reveals the development features of the entrepreneurial competencies in the context of the digital economy, as well as considers the formation mechanisms of digital competencies, and offers the ways of their further development. The purpose of the article is to consider ways, methods, and tools for the development of entrepreneurial competencies in regard to digital entrepreneurship. The methodology includes a set of empirical (observation, generalization, inference) and quantitative (statistical analysis, dynamic analysis) research methods. Main research results. In terms of professional digital skills, the main objectives in the education segment include implementing approach taking into account the competence, end-to-end (cross-platform) digital competence; increasing the proportion and improving the training quality of ICT specialists; implementing a career guidance program in schools, vocational schools, and universities to identify the ablest students to work in the digital sphere; developing social elevator in the ICT sector, encouraging the development of youth digital entrepreneurship; updating the Standard Classification of Occupations, i.e., developing and approving the digital professions list (based on the requirements of the labor market and digital trends), and implementing them in specialized educational institutions. Applicable scope. The need to reform the education system in accordance with modern requirements, revision of curricula in accordance with the needs of the labor market and the requirements of employers. Conclusion. Today, digitalization and cross-platform competence are the main trends in the general labor market. The ability to use digital technologies in work is gradually becoming necessary for most specializations and occupations, i.e. is becoming end-to-end or cross-platform. Through the use of online technologies, citizens can more effectively acquire knowledge, abilities, and skills in many other areas (for example, learn languages, subjects, learn professions, etc.). Accordingly, digital literacy should be one of the key entrepreneurial competencies.

Competencies – Digitalization – Digital economy Formation and development of digital competencies

Para Citar este Artículo:

Dudin, Mihail Nikolaevich; Shakhov, Oleg Federovich; Ivashchenko, Natalia Pavlovna y Shakhova, Margarita Sergeevna. Development of entrepreneurial competencies in the economy (evidence from digital entrepreneurship). Revista Inclusiones Vol: 7 num Especial Enero-Marzo (2020): 54–68.

Active application of digital technologies in all areas of economic activity, i.e. economy digitalization has been taking place over the past few decades. The current stage can be identified as the one during which the processes of digitalization have become particularly intense. There are many aspects of digitalization, one of which is the need for all members of society to acquire digital competencies. For each individual, the acquisition of proper digital competencies is of crucial practical importance: currently, most areas of economic and business activities refuse to work directly with commercial customers and use information and communication technologies for remote communication and service. Therefore, the concept of digital competencies is constantly expanding, and it can no longer be limited exclusively to the educational field.

The very concept of digitalization and its derivatives have been established in the scientific community relatively recently. It can be assumed that this concept is one of the newest in science in general. The first mention of digitalization comes in the early 1990s: then, against the background of large-scale penetration of computer technology in everyday life, it became clear that this phenomenon cannot be simply reduced to just one of the manifestations of scientific and technological progress. Tapscott D. and P. Samuelson were the authors, who laid the foundations of scientific research in digitalization as a particular phenomenon. In turn, the term of digital economy first appeared in 1995 in connection with the development of economic relations, which were based on the use of digital information and communication technologies. Since then, this term has entrenched in modern scientific circulation. In 2001, Thomas Mesenburg identified three main components of the Digital Economy concept, namely, supporting infrastructure (hardware, software, telecommunications, networks, etc.); e-business (how business processes are conducted through computer networks); and e-commerce (transfer of goods over the Internet). Currently, there is no single approach to the definition of digital economy among scientists. Thus, S. Kolyadenko considers the digital economy as such, based on the production of electronic goods and services by high-tech business structures, and the distribution of these products through e-commerce[1]. Karcheva G. defines the digital economy as an innovative dynamic economy based on the active implementation of innovation, information and communication technologies in all economic activities and living environments that allows increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of individual companies, the economy, as well as the standard of living of the population[2].

The digital economy is seen as "a set of relationships that are formed in the areas of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption, based on online technologies and aimed at meeting the needs for the benefits of life"[3]. This involves the formation of new ways and methods of management. The digital economy leads to the digital transformation of all life spheres, providing them with significant economic and social effects, which in turn opens up new opportunities for the development of entrepreneurship. The rapid development of digital technologies, their penetration into traditional business, the emergence of new types of digital products and services, the mass use of online channels result in the restructuring of business processes, the transformation of business models, marketing management systems, as well as changes in consumer behavior. Professor U. Brenner of the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland states: "Aggressive use of data transforms business models, promotes the emergence of new products and services, creates new processes, generates great utility, and introduces a new management culture"[4]. Innovative business models (freemium, on-demand, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding) allow entrepreneurs and companies to conduct business activities without their own IT infrastructure and software (cloud business, IoT), without their own tangible assets (co-sharing), and without warehouses (dropshipping). The problems of digitalization, the digital economy, and entrepreneurship quickly covered the scientific community. A large number of specific areas were identified, within which certain aspects were considered. However, the issue of digital competencies was considered for a long time only in the context of the educational process and the need to revise educational programs.

In turn, competency is "a group of interrelated behavioral actions, which, when they are manifested by the candidate and considered by the observer, characterize competence in a specific aspect of the work performed"[5]. The concept of competence is broader than competency because the latter is included in its composition as the ability of the individual to carry out effective professional activities, using knowledge and skills in practice. The components of competency are presented in Fig. 1.

Figure 1

Competency components[6]

It should be noted that the specialists of any scope of activity must possess general competence (a person's ability for analysis, synthesis, general knowledge, the ability for independent learning, collaboration and communication, commitment, leadership, organized nature, and ability to plan[7]

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1

S. V. Kolyadenko, “Cifrovaya ekonomika: predposylki i etapy stanovleniya”, Economy. Finance. Management, num 6 (2016): 106.

2

G. T. Karcheva, “Cifrovaya ekonomika i ee vliyanie na razvitie nacional'noj i mezhdunarodnoj ekonomiki”, Financial Space, num 3e Vol: 27 (2017): 14.

3

L. V. Lapidus, Cifrovaya ekonomika: trendy i perspektivy avangardnogo haraktera razvitiya (Moscow: INFRA-M, 2018), 18.

4

What is the digital economy? Unicorns, transformation and the internet of things. Retrieved 01.08.2019 from www2.deloitte.com/mt/en/pages/technology/articles/mt-what-is-digitaleconomy.html

5

A. I. Kondratenko, “Teoreticheskie aspekty postroeniya modeli kompetencij personala”, Alleya Nauki, num 1 Vol: 17 (2018): 264.

6

E. V. Sleptsova and M.Yu. Tumanova, “Upravlenie kompetenciyami v sisteme upravleniya personalom”, The Economics of Sustainable Development, num 3 Vol: 35 (2018): 293.

7

O. K. Chulanova, Upravlenie personalom na osnove kompetencij (Moscow: NITS INFRA-M, 2018), 75.