Внешнеторговый международный контракт: типовой образец, пример контракта, экономические и юридические аспекты

The global economy has given businesses broader access than ever before to markets all over the world. Goods are sold in more countries, in larger quantities, and in greater variety. But as the volume and complexity of international sales increase, so do possibilities for misunderstandings and costly disputes if sales contracts are not adequately drafted.

Contracts are normally governed by a particular domestic law the choice of which is settled by agreement of the parties. Frequently, parties to a contract are unaware of the various laws and trading practices of their respective countries.

In order to remedy these problems, attempts have been made for the unification of rules relating to contracts for the international sale of goods. Efforts towards the international unification of contract law have essentially taken the form of binding instruments such as international conventions.

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Vienna, 1980 is based on the assumption that uniform law, even after its incorporation into the various national legal systems, only formally becomes an integral part of the latter, whereas from a substantive point of view it does not lose its original character of a special body of law autonomously developed at the international level and intended to be applied in a uniform manner throughout the world.

Parties to international contracts of sale may also agree that their contract be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts drawn up by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law in Rome in 1994. The UNIDROIT Principles are a balanced set of rules designed for use throughout the world irrespective of the legal traditions and the economic and political conditions of the countries in which they are to be applied.

In regard to substance, the UNIDROIT Principles are sufficiently flexible to take account of the constantly changing circumstances caused by technological and economic developments that affect cross-border trade practice. At the same time they attempt to ensure fairness in international commercial relations by expressly stating the general duty of the parties to act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing and, in a number of specific instances, imposing standards of reasonable behaviour.

When drawing up a contract, buyer and seller may also refer to one of the ICC Incoterms to be sure that respective responsibilities are simply and reliably defined. By so doing they eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.

One should also mention further development of international unification of commercial practices through model clauses or even model contracts formulated by leading experts in the field of contract law and international trade law as well as interested business circles on the basis of current trade practices. The ICC Model International Sale Contract (ICC publication № 556) was first published in 1997.

Московский государственный университет геодезии и картографии (МИИГАиК)

Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK)

[москоу стэйт юнивёсити ов джиодэзи энд картографи]

THE FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND LAND MANAGEMENT graduates specialists in the field of land and real-property relations:

* Urban Cadastre trains specialists in land accounting, assessment and registration;

* Organization Management trains Students in marketing and urban management, land property, operations with real estate and its insurance.

* Public and Municipal Management provides vocational training in solving problems of control, monitoring, using and protection of urban territories;

* Finance and Crediting, where students undergo training in the fields of financing activities related to real property.

THE HUMANITARIAN FACULTY provides vocational training in Jurisprudence, graduating specialists in the field of civil and criminal law, Linguistic branch.

Besides, the faculty trains specialists in Architecture, who master architectural engineering and landscape design. Training in this specialty is preceded with 1 year`s study at preparatory courses.

I am studying English at the Linguistic branch (THE HUMANITARIAN FACULTY) of Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK).

Я изучаю английский язык на Лингвистическом отделении (Гуманитарный факультет) Московского Государственного Университета Геодезии и Картографии (МИИГАиК).

Students can also get bachelor’s degree in the fields of Optoengineering, Geodesy, Land Use and Urban Cadastre while studying at the EVENING FACULTY where foreign citizens are admitted.

Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) was established in 1779 and it is the center of higher geodetic education in Russia and the largest educational institution of this type in Europe.

Основанный 14 мая 1779 года по повелению императрицы Екатерины II Великой при Межевой канцелярии в Москве, как Землемерная школа, наш Вуз прошел славный путь от Константиновского межевого института до Московского института инженеров геодезии аэрофотосъемки и картографии (в 1993 году МИИГАиК был преобразован в Московский государственный университет геодезии и картографии).

В настоящее время в составе Московского государственного университета геодезии и картографии 7 дневных факультетов: геодезический, картографический, аэрокосмических съемок и фотограмметрии, оптического приборостроения, экономики и управления территориями, гуманитарный факультет, факультет прикладной космонавтики, а также заочный и вечерний факультеты.

Check Questions

What are the sources of law governing contracts for the international sale of goods?

On what assumption is the 1980 Vienna Convention based?

What documents provide a system of rules especially tailored to the needs of international commercial transactions?

SOURCES OF LAW GOVERNING CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS

RUSSIAN LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, article 15(4) and article 7(1) of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (CC RF) Russia’s international agreements form an integral part of its legal system.

В соответствии с Конституцией Российской Федерации (п.4 ст.15)и соответствующим ей правилом Гражданского Кодекса Российской Федерации (ГК РФ)(п.1 ст.7)международные договоры Российской Федерации являются частью ее правовой системы.

Article 7(2) CC RF also stipulates that if an international treaty of the Russian Federation has established rules other than those provided by civil legislation, the rules of the international treaty shall apply.

Согласно п.2 ст.7 ГК РФ, если международным договором Российской Федерации установлены иные правила, чем предусмотренные законом, то применяются правила международного договора.

The general rule is that provisions in an international agreement itself should determine whether to apply CC RF provisions instead of those formulated in the international agreement, or whether to apply the CC RF as a subsidiary statute when the international agreement contains gaps and when Russian legislation is the governing law.

Общее правило состоит в том, что положения самого международного договора определяют возможность применения положений ГК РФ вместо положений международного договора или в качестве дополнительного статуса, в последнем случае – для восполнения пробелов, имеющихся в международном договоре.

Check Questions

What is the legal status of international agreements under Russian law?

What law shall apply if an international treaty of the Russian Federation has established rules other than those provided by civil legislation?

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS,VIENNA,1980

In relation to the 1980 Vienna Convention, if an international contract of sale falls under its sphere of operation, the application of national civil legislation is permitted if the parties excluded the application of the 1980 Vienna Convention in full or in part or derogated from any of its provisions. According to article 6 of the Vienna Convention "the parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions". It follows from this that the 1980 Vienna Convention is dispositive in character.

Что касается Венской конвенции 1980 года, то если соответствующий договор международной купли-продажи подпадает под сферу ее действия, применение национального гражданского законодательства допускается, когда стороны договора полностью или в соответствующей части исключили применение Венской конвенции 1980 года. Ее статья 6 гласит: "Стороны могут исключить применение настоящей Конвенции либо, при условии соблюдения статьи 12, отступить от любого из ее положений или изменить его действие".Из этого следует, что Венская конвенция 1980 года носит диспозитивный характер.

It should also be noted that when matters governed by the 1980 Vienna Convention are not expressly settled and cannot be settled in conformity with the general principles on which the 1980 Vienna Convention is based, these matters are subject to applicable Russian civil legislation. This is how article 7(2) of the 1980 Vienna Convention runs: "Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law".

Следует также отметить, что когда вопрос, относящийся к предмету ее регулирования, прямо в Конвенции не разрешен и не может быть разрешен в соответствии с общими принципами, на которых Венская конвенция 1980 года основана, то в силу норм международного частного права применимо российское гражданское законодательство. Статья 7(2)Венской конвенции 1980 года гласит: "Вопросы, относящиеся к предмету регулирования настоящей Конвенции, которые прямо в ней не разрешены, подлежат разрешению в соответствии с общими принципами, на которых она основана, а при отсутствии таких принципов – в соответствии с правом, применимым в силу норм международного частного права".

One should keep in mind the fundamental differences manifested in approaches to identifying the sphere of application of the 1980 Vienna Convention and those rules set forth in the CC RF which govern the sale of goods.

Необходимо учитывать принципиальные отличия, имеющиеся в подходе к определению сферы применения Венской конвенции 1980 года и норм Гражданского Кодекса Российской Федерации, регулирующих куплю-продажу.

The sphere of application of an international agreement is determined by the agreement’s own precepts. According to article 1(1) of the 1980 Vienna Convention, this treaty applies to international contracts of sale of goods between parties whose commercial enterprises (i.e., principal places of business) are in different countries when a) the countries are Contracting States (i. e., parties to the 1980 Vienna Convention), or when b) the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.