The Negro in The American Rebellion
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William H. Dupree, a native of Petersburg, Va., was brought up and educated at Chillicothe, O. He enlisted in the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Regiment, on its formation, as a private, was soon made orderly-sergeant, and afterwards promoted to a lieutenancy for bravery on the field of battle.
Charles L. Mitchel, promoted to a lieutenancy in the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Regiment for gallantry at the battle of Honey Hill, where he was severely wounded (losing a limb), is a native of Hartford, Conn., and son of Mr. William A. Mitchel of that city. Lieut. Mitchel served an apprenticeship to William II. Burleigh, in the office of the old “Charter Oak,” in Hartford, where he became an excellent printer. For five or six years previous to entering the army, he was employed in different printing-offices in Boston, the last of which was “The Liberator,” edited by William Lloyd Garrison, who never speaks of Lieut. Mitchel but in words of the highest commendation. Gen. A. S. Hartwell, late colonel of the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Regiment, makes honorable mention of Lieut. Mitchel.
The citizens of Boston in Ward Six, where he has so long resided, and who know him well, have shown then-appreciation of Lieut. Mitchel’s worth by electing him to represent them in the Massachusetts Legislature, – an office which he is every way qualified to fill.
CHAPTER XXXVIII – FOURTH-OF-JULY CELEBRATION AT THE HOME OF JEFF. DAVIS
Fourth-of-July Celebration at the Home of Jeff. Davis in Mississippi. – The Trip. – Joe Davis’s Place. – Jeff.‘s Place. – The Dinner. – Speeches and Songs. – Lively Times. – Return to Vicksburg.
By invitation of the Committee of Arrangements, a party of teachers and their escorts, and other friends of the freedmen, embarked on board “The Diligent,” on the morning of the 4th inst. “The Diligent” left the levee at Vicksburg soon after seven o’clock, a.m., and made a pleasant trip in about three hours, down the river, stopping at the landing at Davis’s Bend; whence the party were conveyed in ambulances, wagons, buggies, and other vehicles, to the late residence of Jefferson Davis, about two miles from said landing.
DAVIS’S BEND
This is one of the most extraordinary bends of the wonderful Mississippi River, and has received its name from the fact of the settlement, on the peninsula formed by the bend, of two members of the Davis Family, known as “Jeff.” and “Joe.” This peninsula is some twelve miles in length; and, at the point where it is attached to the main land of the State of Mississippi, it is so narrow, that the enterprising planters have dug a canal across, not unlike the celebrated Butler Canal of Petersburg fame, although not near so long. This canal is called the “cut-off;” and, in high water, the peninsula becomes, in fact, an island. This tract of land is of great fertility, being entirely a deposit of the rich soil washed from the prairies of the Great West. On this tract are some six plantations, of from eight hundred to twelve hundred acres each. Two of the largest and best of these were owned by Jeff, and Joe Davis, and are known now as “The Jeff, and Joe places.” The form of this peninsula is such that a few companies of soldiers, with one or two stockades, can keep out an army of rebels; and the inhabitants, although frequently surrounded by the hordes of Southern murderers and thieves on the opposite banks of the river and canal, dwell in peace and comparative security. In fact, this site, from being the home of traitors and oppressors of the poor, has become a sort of earthly paradise for colored refugees. There they flock in large numbers, and, like Lazarus of old, are permitted as it were, to repose in “Father Abraham’s bosom.” The rich men of the Southern Confederacy, now homeless wanderers, occasionally cry across for the Lazarus whom they have oppressed and despised; but he is not sent unto them, because, between the two parties, there is a great gulf fixed; so that they which would pass from hence cannot. On this freedman’s paradise, parties for cultivating the soil are organized under the superintendence of missionaries; each party cultivating from ten to one hundred acres, with a fair prospect of realizing handsomely. These efforts are aided by the Government; rations, teams, &c., being-supplied and charged to each party, to be deducted from the proceeds of their crops. Cotton is chiefly cultivated, and some very handsome stands appear.
THE “JOE PLACE.”
The “Joe Place” is nearest the landing. The fine brick house, however, is nearly demolished; but the cottage used as a sort of law library and office is remaining uninjured. The negro-quarters also remain.
THE “JEFF. PLACE.”
The “Jeff, place” is also a very fine plantation. The residence has not been injured, except the door-locks, and one or two marble mantels broken up, apparently for trophies. The Jeff, furniture has been removed; but the rooms are still furnished with furniture brought here.
THE HOUSE THAT JEFF. BUILT
The house is, in its ground-plan, in the form of a cross, – but one floor, with large rooms and ample verandas. The portico in front is supported with pillars, and these form the only ornamental features of the house, except such as were added for this occasion by the artistic touches of our Northern sisters. Of these were festoons, wreaths, stars, and garlands mysteriously woven in evergreens and flowers. Over the portico entrance outside were the following inscriptions, the letters being formed by cedar foliage: —
“THE HOUSE THAT JEFF. BUILT.”
“WELCOME.”
The latter motto was arched, and, with the festoons, made a beautiful appearance.
Inside were beautiful stars and garlands of flowers; and over the exit at the back-door, the following inscription, surmounted by a star: —
“EXIT TRAITOR.”
It was facetiously remarked by an observer, that the moral was, —
“Down with the traitor,And up with the star.”We understood that to Miss Lee, of Pennsylvania, and Miss Jennie Huddleson, of Indiana, the party was indebted for those ingenious and appropriate devices. Very likely; for wit and satire for traitors, and a cordial welcome to the loyal and patriotic, are characteristics of these whole-souled missionaries.
The reception-rooms were also decorated with flowers; and every thing around showed that “gentle hands” had laid on “the last touches” of fragrance, grace, and beauty.
These “ladies of the Management” were dressed in neat “patriotic prints;” they needed no addition to their toilets to add to the charming air of comfort which they so appropriately infused. Their smiles of welcome needed no verbal explanation; and the heartiness with which they were engaged in their labors of love, and the evidence of their success in all the surroundings, showed that they perfectly understood the science of making home happy. Whether they have read Mrs. H. B. Stowe’s “House and Home Papers” in “The Atlantic,” we know not, but there are many others, besides that literary lady (Mrs. Stowe), who understand how to keep house; by magic touches to turn the most simple objects into luxuries of ornamentation. We suspect also that Mrs. M. Watson and Miss Lizzie Findley had been engaged in these preparations, although appearing more in the character of guests. There were some other ladies, to whom we had not the honor of an introduction, who, doubtless, deserve particular mention; but your reporter, as the sequel of his story will show, only received his appointment as a publication committee after all was over, and, consequently, if he should omit anybody’s name that deserves mention, this must be his apology. He now declares his desire to be just to all, and especially to those whose devotion and patriotism rendered the 4th of July, 1864, the happiest day of the year.
THE GROUNDS
On the grounds in front of the residence, the gunboat crew suspended a string of signal colors, on each side of the “starry banner,” presenting an effect amid the dense foliage of the live-oaks, and the gray moss, “altogether beauteous to look upon;” while on the tables under the trees were spread things not only “pleasant to the sight,” but “good for food.” And when we saw these pleasing objects, the “work of their hands,” and the merry, happy faces of the guests and their “escorts,” and reflected that the sable sons, by a guard of whom we were surrounded, were “no longer slaves;” that they had, with thousands of their brethren, been brought out from the house of bondage, by the “God of Abraham;” that the very house now occupied by missionaries and teachers had, but a year ago, been in the service of despotism, built, in fact, as a temple of slavery by the great chief, who preferred to rule in a miserable petty despotism to serving in a great and magnanimous republic, – we could but think that Heaven looked approvingly upon the scene; that “God saw every thing that he had made, and behold! it was very good.”
THE EXERCISES
Rev. Dr. Warren conducted the exercises as president of the occasion; and he did it with that ease, freedom, and regard for the rights and interests of all, which usually characterize his public and social conduct. He opened the proceedings, under a grove of trees in front of the house, with an appropriate prayer, and then called upon those appointed to take part.
Mr. Roundtree read the Declaration of Independence in a clear, emphatic, and impressive manner. It was listened to with becoming reverence for the great truths it contains, by both the white and colored races. It is quite improbable that these self-evident truths were ever expressed before publicly in this locality, and within hearing of every one within the “house that Jeff, built.”
When this place was first taken by our troops, the following verse was found written on the wall: —
“Let Lincoln send his forces here!We’ll lick’em like blue blazes,And send them yelping hack to whereThey sung their nigger praises.”Rev. Mr. Livermore, of Wisconsin, delivered an appropriate oration.
The meeting then adjourned for dinner.
A gentle shower at this time rendered the air cool and pleasant, but made it necessary to remove the dining-tables to the house.
THE DINNER
A sumptuous dinner was served on the veranda at the back of the mansion. There was an abundance of all that could be desired. This being concluded, the following sentiments were presented, and responded to in an impromptu but appropriate manner by the various speakers: —
REGULAR TOASTS
1. The Day we celebrate: The old ship was launched in ‘76, the bow-anchors cast out last year at Vicksburg and Gettysburg: may the storm-anchors be dropped to-day at Richmond and Atlanta!
Response by Mr. Israel Lombard.
2. The President: Proved honest and wise by four years of unprecedented trial: we shall keep him there.
Responded to by Dr. Wright.
3. Lieut. – Gen. Grant: We can tie to him in a gale.
Responded to by Col. Clark.
4. The house that Jeff, built.
Responded to by Capt. Powell.
The following song composed for the occasion was led by Mr. McConnell: —
“THE HOUSE THAT JEFF. BUILT.”
“Air. – ‘Auld Lang Syne.‘
“How oft within these airy hallsThe traitor of the dayHas heard ambition’s trumpet-calls,Or dreamed of war’s array!Or of an empire dreamed, whose baseMillions of blacks should be!Aha! before this day’s sweet faceWhere can his lisions be?Those empire dreams shall be fulfilled,But not as rebels thought:Like water at the cistern spilled,Their boasts shall come to nought.From gulf to lake, from sea to sea,Behold our country grand!The very home of Liberty,And guarded by her hand.We revel in his halls to-day:Next year where will he be?A dread account he lias to pay:May we be there to see!And now for country, truth, and right,Our heritage all free;We’ll live and die. we’ll sing and fight:The Union! three times three.5. The Army and Navy: Veterans of three years. The heart of the nation beats anxiously at the cry, “Onward to victory!”
Response by Dr. Foster.
6. Our Patriot Dead: Silence their most speaking eulogy
7. The Union: The storm will but root it the more firmly.
Response by Rev.A. J. Compton.
“The Star-spangled Banner,” – sung by the whole company, led by Mr. McConnell.
8. Missionaries to Freedmen: Peace has its heroes.
Response by Rev. Mr. Buckley, chaplain Forty-seventh United-States Colored Infantry.
9. Gen Sherman, second in command: “All I am I owe to my Government, and nothing could tempt me to sacrifice my honor or my allegiance.”
Response by Capt. Gilpin, Commissary of Subsistence.
10. The Freedmen: Slaves yesterday, to-day free: what shall they be to-morrow?
The freedmen sung the following song: —
“De Lord he makes us free indeedIn his own time an’ way.We plant de rice and cotton seed,And see de sprout some day:We know it come, but not de why, —De Lord know more dan we.We ‘spected freedom by an’ by;An’ now we all are free.Praise de Lord! Praise de Lord!For now we all are free.De Norf is on de side of right,An’ full of men, dey say;An’ dere, when poor man work, at nightHe sure to get his pay.De Lord he glad dey are so good,And make dem bery strong;An’ when dey called to give deir bloodDey all come right along.Praise de Lord! Praise do Lord!Dey all come right along.Deir blue coats cover all de groun’,An’ make it like de sky;An’ every gray back loafin’ roundHe tink it time to fly.We not afraid: we bring de child,An’ stan’ beside de door,An,’ oil! we hug it bery wild,An’ keep it ebermore.Praise de Lord! Praise de Lord!We keep it ebermore.De massa’s come back from his tramp;‘Pears he is broken quite:He takes de basket to de campFor rations ebery night.Dey fought him when he loud and strong,Dey fed him when he low:Dey say dey will forgive the wrong,An’ bid him’pent an’ go.Praise de Lord! Praise de Lord!Dey hid him’pent an’ go.De rice is higher far dis year,De cotton taller grow;De lowest corn-silk on de earIs higher than de hoe.De Lord he lift up every ting‘Cept rebel in his grave;De negro bress de Lord, an’ sing:He is no longer slave.Praise de Lord! Praise de Lord!De negro no more slave.”13. Our Colored Troops: Deserving of freedom because they fight like men.
Response by Lieut. Wakeman.
Song: “Babylon is fallen.”
The party, after selecting a few simple trophies, such as fig-branches for walking-canes, large pond-lilies, flowers, wreaths, and bouquets, returned to the landing, and re-embarked for Vicksburg.
CLOSING EXERCISES
On the boat, the following business was transacted: —
Vote of thanks to Col. Thomas and staff for getting up the celebration; to the Orator of the Day, Parson Livermore; to the President, Rev. Dr. Warren, who made a brief response; and also to Capt. Wightman an officers of “The Diligent.”
The following song was then sung by a young contraband: —
“We heard de proclamation, massa hush it as he will:De bird he sing it to us, hoppin’ on de cotton-hill;And de possum up de gum-tree he couldn’t keep it still.Father Abraham has spoken, and de message has been sent;Do prison-doors he opened, and out de prisoners wentTo joinde sable army of de ‘African descent.’Dey said, ‘Now colored bredren, you shall be forever free,From the first of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three:’We heard it in do riber goin’ rushin’ to dc sea.Den fall in, colored bredren, you’d better do it soon;Don’t you hear de drum a-beatin’ de Yankee Doodle tune?We are wid you now dis mornin’; we’ll lie far away at noon.”Cheers were given for Abraham Lincoln, and groans for Jeff. Davis.
The song, “The House that Jeff. Built,” was again sung; and Capt. Gilpin, Commissary of Subsistence, appointed a committee to furnish a copy of the same to “The New-York Tribune,” and also to Jeff. Davis.
Capt. Henry S. Clubb, Assistant Quartermaster, was appointed a committee to furnish a report of the proceedings of the day to “The Vicksburg Daily Herald.”
CHAPTER XXXIX – GALLANTRY, LOYALTY, AND KINDNESS OF THE NEGRO
The Nameless Hero at Fair Oaks. – The Chivalry whipped by their Former Slaves. – Endurance of the Blacks. – Man in Chains. – One Negro whips Three Rebels. – Gallantry. – Outrages on the Blacks. – Kindness of the Negroes. – Welcome.
The gallantry and loyalty of the blacks during the Rebellion is a matter of history, and volumes might be written upon that subject. I give here a few instances out of the many I have gathered: —
“At the bloody battle of Fair Oaks, Va., the rebels, during the first day’s fight, drove Gen. Casey’s division from their camping-ground, and rested for the night, confident that the morrow would give them a chance to drive the Yankee invaders beyond the Chickahominy; but, just at daylight that morning, Heintzelman’s corps re-enforced our line, and at daybreak were hurled against the rebel foe. For a long time, the issue was doubtful; the line swayed to and fro; but at last the Excelsior Brigade the heroes of Williamsburg – were ordered to charge. That charge is a matter of history. It gave us the battle-ground of Fair Oaks.
“During the month of June, that brigade held the ground they won, and skirmishes with the rebels were of daily occurrence. One afternoon, word was sent to Gen. Sickles that the enemy was advancing in force, and every preparation was at once made for battle. A few shots were heard from pickets but a few hundred yards in advance of our battery, and then all was quiet. What meant that quietness? What were the rebels doing? Several orderlies sent out to the pickets failed to bring any satisfactory intelligence. Gen. Sickles turned to Lieut. Palmer, one of his aides, and acting assistant adjutant-general, and directed him to take a squad of cavalry, and ride cautiously out to the first bend in the road, and communicate with our pickets.
“Palmer was a noble fellow, – young, handsome, a perfect gentleman, a graceful rider, a gallant soldier. He was the pride of the brigade. Forgetful of the caution given him, with the impetuosity characteristic of youth, he dashed forward at a full gallop, with sabre drawn. He came to the first bend in the road, and (fatal mistake) kept on. He came to the second bend, and, as he turned it, directly across the road was a company of rebel infantry drawn up to receive him. They fired. One ball crashed through that handsome face into his brain, while another tore the arm that bore aloft his trusty blade.
“The shots were heard at the battery; and in a moment Palmer’s riderless horse, bleeding from a wound in its neck, galloped from the woods, followed by the squad of cavalry, who told to the general the untimely fate of his aide.
“‘Boys,’ said the general to the veterans who clustered around to hear the story, ‘Lieut. Palmer’s body lies out in that road.’ Not a word more needed saying. Quickly the men fell in, and a general advance of the line was made to secure it.
“Whilst the cavalrymen were telling the story, a negro-servant of Lieut. Palmer’s was standing by. Unnoticed, he left the group; down that road, the Williamsburg Turnpike, he went. He passed our picket-line, and alone and unattended he walked along that avenue of death to so many, not knowing what moment he would be laid low by a rebel bullet, or be made a prisoner to undergo that still worse death, a life of slavery. Upon the advance of our line, that faithful servant was found by the side of his dead master, – faithful in life, and faithful amid all the horrors of the battle-field, even in the jaws of death.
“None but those who knew the locality – the gallant men that make up Hooker’s division – can appreciate the heroism that possessed that contraband. That road was lined with sharpshooters. A wounded man once lay in it three days, neither party daring to rescue him. The act of that heroic, unknown (I regret that I cannot recall his name) but faithful contraband, was one of the most daring of the war, and prompted by none other than the noblest feelings known to the human breast.” – New-York Independent.
“In Camp, Bermuda Hundred, Va., May 26, 1864.
“The chivalry of Fitzhugh Lee, and his cavalry division, was badly worsted in the contest last Tuesday with negro troops composing the garrison at Wilson’s Landing. Chivalry made a gallant fight, however. The battle began at half-past twelve, p.m., and ended at six o’clock; when chivalry retired, disgusted and defeated. Lee’s men dismounted far in the rear, and fought as infantry. They drove in the pickets and skirmishers to the intrenchments, and several times made valiant charges upon our works. To make an assault, it was necessary to come across an ‘open’ in front of our position, up to the very edge of a deep and impassable ravine. The rebels, with deafening yells, made furious onsets; but the negroes did not flinch, and the mad assailants, discomfited, turned to cover with shrunken ranks. The rebel fighting was very wicked. It showed that Lee’s heart was bent on taking the negroes at any cost. Assaults on the centre having failed, the rebels tried first the left and then the right flank, with no greater success. When the battle was over, our loss footed up one man killed outright, twenty wounded, and two missing. Nineteen rebels were prisoners in our hands. Lee’s losses must have been very heavy. The proof thereof was left on the ground. Twenty-five rebel bodies lay in the woods unburied; and pools of blood unmistakably told of other victims taken away. The estimate, from all the evidence carefully considered, puts the enemy’s casualties at two hundred. Among the corpses Lee left on the field was that of Major Breckinridge, of the Second Virginia Cavalry.
“There is no hesitation here in acknowledging the soldierly qualities which the colored men engaged in this fight have exhibited. Even the officers who have hitherto felt no confidence in them are compelled to express themselves mistaken. Gen. Wild, commanding the post, says that the troops stood up to their work like veterans.” —Correspondence of the New-York Times.
“The conduct of the colored troops, by the way, in the actions of the last few days, is described as superb. An Ohio soldier said to me to-day, ‘I never saw men fight with such desperate gallantry as those negroes did. They advanced as grim and stern as death; and, when within reach of the enemy, struck about them with a pitiless vigor that was almost fearful.’ Another soldier said to me, ‘These negroes never shrink nor hold back, no matter what the order. Through scorching heat and pelting storms, if the order comes, they march with prompt, ready feet.’ Such praise is great praise, and it is deserved. The negroes here who have been slaves are loyal to a man, and, on our occupation of Fredericksburg, pointed out the prominent secessionists, who were at once seized by our cavalry, and put in safe quarters. In a talk with a group of these faithful fellows, I discovered in them all a perfect understanding of the issues of the conflict, and a grand determination to prove themselves worthy of the place and privileges to which they are to be exalted.” —New-York Herald.
“Carrollton, La., June 2,1864.
“I am writing in the camp of the Twelfth Connecticut Regiment, and about here are encamped the Nineteenth Army Corps, under marching-orders for Morganza, near the mouth of the Red River. In this tent sits a man, – unfortunate because black, – once a slave, but free now, a member of the grand army of the Unite! States, who is courageous, and who will wield a sword or thrust a bayonet as vigorously as any, because he has suffered so bitterly at the hands of those who would crush his race. His crime was remonstrating with his master for beating his wife. When our men found him, he was sitting on the floor, two long chains passing over his shoulders, and fastened to a staple; and over him stood four soldiers with muskets to prevent his escape. He is not only faithful; but he is gentlemanly, intelligent, and interesting in conversation and appearance. His brave heart is full of patriotism, and he is willing to serve or die for his country.” —Springfield Republican.
An instance of the daring of negroes in that section is told by a Lake Providence (Louisiana) correspondent of “The Philadelphia Inquirer:” —