Империя, колония, геноцид. Завоевания, оккупация и сопротивление покоренных в мировой истории
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118
Peter Calvert, «Internal Colonisation, Development and Environment» Third World Quarterly 22, no. 1 (2001): 51–63; Donald Bloxham, «Internal Colonization, Inter-Imperial Confl ict, and the Armenian Genocide» в этой книге.
119
Alvin W. Gouldner, «Stalinism: A Study in Internal Colonialism» Telos, no. 34 (1978): 5–48; David Goodman, «Guizhou and the People’s Republic of China: The Development of an Internal Colony» in Internal Colonialism: Essays around a Theme, Monograph No. 3, Developing Areas Research Group, Institute of British Geographers, ed. David Drakakis-Smith and Stephen Wyn Williams (Edinburgh, 1983), 107–128.
120
Michael Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536–1966 (London, 1975); Mervyn C. Hartwig, «Capitalism and Aborigines: The Theory of Internal Colonialism and its Rivals», in Essays in the Political Economy of Australian Capitalism, 4 vols., ed. Edward L. Wheelwright and Ken Buckley (Sydney, 1978), 3: 119–141; Ethnic and Racial Studies 2, no. 3 (1979) special issue on internal colonialism; Colin W. Mettam and Stephen Wyn Williams, «Internal Colonialism and Cultural Divisions of Labour in the Soviet Republic of Estonia», Nations and Nationalism 4, no. 3 (1998): 363–388.
121
Steven Harrell, «Introduction: Civilizing Projects and the Reaction to Them» in Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontier, ed. Steven Harrell (Seattle and London, 1995).
122
Eugene Weber, From Peasants to Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Palo Alto, CA, 1976), 485. Благодарю Лоренцо Верачини за то, что обратил мое внимание на эту ссылку.
123
Dru C. Gladney, Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and other Subaltern Subjects (Chicago, 2004), 360–366; Laura Hostetler, Qing Colonial Enterprise: Ethnography and Cartography in Early Modern China (Chicago and London, 2001). Историки Китая вдохновлялись историками колониализма: Emma Teng, Taiwan’s Imagined Geography: Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683–1895 (Cambridge, MA, 2004); James A. Millward, Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864 (Stanford, CA, 1998); Daniel McMahon, «Identity and Confl ict on a Chinese Borderland: Yan Ruyi and the Recruitment of the Gelao During the 1795–97 Miao Revolt», Late Imperial China 23, no. 2 (2002): 53–86; Peter C. Perdue, «Empire and Nation in Comparative Perspective: Frontier Administration in Eighteenth-Century China», Journal of Early Modern History 5, no. 4 (2001): 282–304; Perdue, «Boundaries, Maps, and Movement: Chinese, Russian, and Mongolian Empires in Early Modern Central Eurasia», International History Review 20, no. 2 (1998): 263–86; Perdue, «Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia», Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 4 (1996): 757–793.
124
Dominik Schaller, «From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa», в этой книге.
125
Цитируется по: Mireille Rosello, «The ‘Césaire Effect’, or How to Cultivate One’s Nation» Research in African Literatures 32, no. 4 (2001): 86–87. See generally Robert Aldrich and John Connell, France’s Overseas Frontier (Cambridge, 1992), 108.
126
Alfred Crosby, Germs, Seeds, and Animals: Studies in Ecological History (Armonk, New York and London, 1994), 29–30.
127
Хорошая критика фаталистического преуменьшения человеческих возможностей у Кросби: Tom Griffiths, «Ecology and Empire: Towards an Australian History of the World» in Ecology and Empire: Environmental History of Settler Societies, ed. Tom Griffi ths and Libby Robin (Melbourne, 1997), 2–3. See also McDonnell and Moses, «Lemkin as Historian of Genocide in the Americas» 519.
128
McDonnell and Moses, «Lemkin as Historian of Genocide in the Americas» 517–20.
129
Donald Denoon, Settler Capitalism: The Dynamics of Dependant Development in the Southern Hemisphere (Oxford, 1983), 1.
130
Там же, 26. See Patrick Wolfe, «Structure and Event: Settler Colonialism, Time, and the Question of Genocide» in this volume. For literature on settler colonialism, see Andrew Armitage, Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Vancouver, 1995); Lynette Russell, ed., Colonial Frontier: Indigenous-European Encounters in Settler Societies (Manchester, 2001); Ronald Weitzer, Transforming Settler States: Communal Confl ict and Internal Security in Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Kate Darian-Smith, Liz Gunner and Sarah Nuttall, eds., Text, Theory, Space: Land, Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London and New York, 1996); David Trigger and Gareth Griffi ths, eds., Disputed Territories: Land, Culture and Identity in Settler Societies (Hong Kong, 2003); Tim Murray, The Archaeology of Contact in Settler Societies (Cambridge, 2004); Moses, Genocide and Settler Society.
131
Средневековый тюркский народ, который состоял из 24 основных племен и жил до XI века в степях Средней Азии и Монголии. – Примеч. ред.
132
Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History (Philadelphia, 2001); Peter B. Golden, «Nomads and their Sedentary Neighbors in Pre-Cinggisid Eurasia», Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 7 (1991): 41–81; Denis Sinor, «Inner Asian Warriors», Journal of the American Oriental Society 101, no. 2 Empire, Colony, Genocide 49 (1981): 133–144; Nicola Di Cosmo, «Ancient Inner Asian Nomads: Their Economic Basis and its Signifi cance in Chinese History», Journal of Asian Studies 52, no. 4 (1994): 1092–1126. Я благодарю Фиону Кидд за эти ссылки. Критику сельскохозяйственных обществ см. в книге: Hugh Brody. The Other Side of Eden. Hunter-Gatherers, Farmers, and the Shaping of the World (London 2000).
133
Ср.: Norbert Finzsch, «“Туземцы… так и не были истреблены и все же вымирают”: Колониальный империализм и геноцид в Америке и Австралии XIX века» в этой книге; и John C. Weaver, The Great Land Rush and the Making of the Modern World, 1650–1900 (Montreal and Kingston, 2003).
134
Cole Harris, «How Did Colonialism Dispossess Comments from an Edge of Empire», Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94, no. 1 (2004): 165–82. See also his Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia (Vancouver, 2002). Харрис находится под влиянием концепции Вулфа о «логике устранения», как и редакторы книги Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century: Projects, Practices, Legacies, ed. Caroline Elkins and Susan Pedersen (London, 2005). О Канаде: Colin Samson, A Way of Life that Does Not Exist: Canada and the Extinguishment of the Innu (London, 2003). О колониальных огораживаниях: Lance van Sittert, «Holding the Line: The Rural Enclosure Movement in the Cape Colony, 1865–1910», Journal of African History 43, no. 1 (2002): 95–118.
135
Denoon, Settler Capitalism, 27.
136
Timothy Parsons, The British Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A World History Perspective (Lanham, MD, 1999), 2.
137
De Tocqueville, Writings on Empire and Slavery, 61, 65.
138
H. L. Wesseling, «Colonial Wars: An Introduction» в книге Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa, ed. J.A. de Moor and H.L. Wesseling (Leiden, 1988), 3; Peter Paret, «Colonial Experience and European Military Reform at the End of the Eighteenth Century», в книге Warfare and Empires, ed. Douglas M. Peters (Aldershot, UK, 1997), 357–70.
139
Michael Howard, «Colonial Wars and European Wars» в книге de Moor and Wesseling, Imperialism and War, 218–23; George Raudzens, «Why did the Amerindian Defences Fail? Parallels in the European Invasions of Hispaniola, Virginia and Beyond» War in History 3, no. 3 (1996): 331–52; Luke Godwin, «The Fluid Frontier: Central Queensland, 1845–63» в книге Colonial Frontiers: Indigenous-European Encounters in Settler Societies, ed. Lynette Russell (Manchester, UK, 2001), 112.
140
Карифуна – альтернативное название карибских народов (калинаго), населявших Малые Антильские острова до европейской колонизации. – Примеч. ред.
141
Hilary Beckles, «The Genocide Policy in English-Karifuna Relations in the Seventeenth Century» in Empire and Others: British Encounters with Indigenous Peoples, 1600–1850, ed. Martin Daunton and Rick Halpern (London, 1999), 280–302. Численность карибов, составлявшая 8000 человек, к 1730 году сократилась до 630 человек, а к середине XX века восстановилась до 900 человек. В 1960 году оно составляло 1136 человек при общей численности населения около 60 000, а в 1978 году – почти 2000.
142
Степь на юго-востоке Южной Америки. – Примеч. ред.
143
Richard W. Slatta, «Civilization’ Battles ‘Barbarism’: The Limits of Argentine Indian Frontier Struggle» in The Military and Confl ict between Cultures: Soldiers at the Interface, ed. James C. Bradford (College Station, TX, 1997), 131–146.
144
C. E. Callwell, Small Wars: A Tactical Textbook for Imperial Soldiers, 3rd ed. (London, [1906] 1990), 26–27, 45, 145; Holquist, «To Count, to Extract, and to Exterminate».
145
De Tocqueville, Writings on Empire and Slavery, 70, 87.
146
Peter Rex, The English Resistance: The Underground War against the Normans (Stroud, UK, 2004), 87–105.
147
Nicholas P. Canny, «The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America» William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 30, no. 4 (1973): 582–583.
148
Katie Kane, «Nits Make Lice: Drogheda, Sand Creek, and the Poetics of Colonial Extermination» Cultural Critique, no. 42 (1999): 81–103; Robert Path, «Culture, Community, and ‘Rebellion’ in the Yucatec Maya Uprising of 1791» in Native Resistance and the Pax Colonial in New Spain, ed. Susan Schroeder (Lincoln and London, 1998), 67–83.
149
Michael Lieven, «‘Butchering the Brutes All Over the Place’: Total War and Massacre in Zululand in 1879», History 84 (October 1999): 614–632.
150
David Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, vol. 1, Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire (Oxford, 1998), 396–406.
151
Анализ недавней судебной практики в отношении намерения совершить геноцид и вопроса о том, какую часть группы необходимо уничтожить, чтобы считать это геноцидом, см. в: Drumbl, «Prosecutor v Radislav Krstic»; and Cecile Aptel, «The Intent to Commit Genocide in the Case Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda» Criminal Law Forum 13, no. 3 (2002), 273–291.
152
Michael Freeman, «Genocide, Civilization and Modernity» British Journal of Sociology 46, no. 2 (1995): 207–23.
153
Eric Lohr, «The Russian Army and the Jews: Mass Deportations, Hostages, and Violence during World War One» Russian Review 60, no. 2 (2001): 404–419.
154
Terry Martin, «The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing» Journal of Modern History 70 (December 1998): 813–861; N.F. Bugai and A.M. Gonov, «The Forced Evacuations of the Chechens and Ingush» Russian Studies in History 4, no. 2 (2002): 43–61; Nick Baron, «Stalinist Planning as Political Practice: Control and Repression on the Soviet Periphery, 1935–1938» Europe-Asia Studies 56, no. 3 (2004): 439–462.
155
John Gooch, «Re-Conquest and Suppression: Fascist Italy’s Pacifi cation of Libya and Ethiopia, 1922–39» Journal of Strategic Studies 28, no. 6 (2005): 1021; Nicola Labanca, «Colonial Rule, Colonial Repression and War Crimes in the Italian Colonies» Journal of Modern Italian Studies 9, no. 3 (2004): 300–313.
156
David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (London, 2004); Caroline Elkins, Britain’s Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya (London, 2004).
157
Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79 (New Haven, CT, 1996), 399, 428.
158
Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford, 2005).
159
Alex de Waal, «Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap» London Review of Books 26, no. 15 (5 August 2004).
160
Benjamin A. Valentino, Paul Huth, and Dylan Balch-Lindsay, «‘Draining the Sea’: Mass Killing and Guerrilla Warfare» International Organization 58 (Spring 2004): 375–407. Благодарю Картера Джонсона за предоставленную ссылку.
161
Benjamin A. Valentino, Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century (Ithaca, New York, 2004).
162
William W. Hagen, Germans, Poles, and Jews: The Nationality Confl ict in the Prussian East, 1772–1914 (Chicago and London, 1980), 134–135; Wolgang J. Mommsen, Max Weber and German Politics, 1890–1920 (Chicago, 1974), 26–28.
163
Chelvadurai Manogaran, «Space-Related Identity in Sri Lanka» in Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory and Scale, ed. G.H. Herb and D.H. Kaplan (Lanham, MD, 1999), 199–216.
164
Richard Lee Turtis, «A World Destroyed, A Nation Imposed: The 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic» Hispanic American Historical Review 82, no. 3 (2002): 589–635.
165
Tara Zahra, «Looking East: East Central European ‘Borderlands’ in German History and Historiography» History Compass 3 (2005): 10; Eagle Glassheim, «National Mythologies and Ethnic Cleansing: The Expulsion of Czechoslovak Germans in 1945», Central European History 33, no. 4 (2000): 463–486.
166
Timothy Snyder, «The Causes of Ukraine-Polish Ethnic Cleansing, 1943» Past and Present, no. 179 (2003): 197–234.
167
Elena Lourie, «A Society Organised for War: Medieval Spain» в книге Lourie, Crusade and Colonisation: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Medieval Aragon (Aldershot, UK, 1990), 54–76; Pagden, Lords of All the World, 74.
168
Dussel, The Invention of the Americas, 13: «После столетий экспериментов в Андалузии это насилие, замаскированное под невинность – насилие, превращающее людей в жертв и требующее жертвоприношений, – начало свой долгий разрушительный путь». См. также: John Docker, 1492: The Poetics of Diaspora (London and New York, 2001), 190, 201; and Ronald Wright, Stolen Continents: Five Hundred Years of Conquest and Resistance in the Americas (Boston and New York, 1992).
169
Mark Ferro, Colonization: A Global History (London, 1997), 2.
170
Robert Geraci, «Genocidal Fantasies and Impulses in Imperial Russia», в этой книге; Michael Rywkin, ed., Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917 (London, 1988); Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800 (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN, 2005); Michael Khodarkovsky, «Of Christianity, Enlightenment, and Colonialism: Russia in the North Caucasus, 1550–1800», Journal of Modern History 71, no. 2 (1999): 394–431; Theodore R. Weeks, Nation and State in late Imperial Russia: Nationalism and the Russifi cation of the Western Frontier, 1863–1914 (Dekalb, IL, 1996); Jeff Sahadeo, «Conquest, Colonialism, and Nomadism on the Eurasian Steppe», Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 4, no. 4 (2003): 942–954; Dominic Lieven, «Dilemmas of Empire, 1850–1918: Power, Territory, Identity», Journal of Contemporary History 34, no. 2 (1999): 163–200; Keziban Acar, «An Examination of Russian Imperialism: Russian Intellectual and Military Descriptions of the Caucasians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878» Nationalities Papers 32, no. 1 (2004): 7–21; John P. Ledonne, The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment (New York, 1996); W. Bruce Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians (New York, 1994). Older literature: Richard A. Pierce, Russian Central Asia, 1867–1917: A Study in Colonial Rule (Berkeley, CA, 1960); Terence Armstrong, Russian Settlement in the North (Cambridge, 1965); Donald W. Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration: The Government and Peasant Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War (Princeton, NJ, 1957).
171
Zev Jabotinsky, «An Iron Wall (We and the Arabs)» in Zionism: Background Papers for an Evaluation, vol. 4, ed. Eliezer Schwied et al. (Jerusalem, n.d.), 67.
172
Nicholas A. Robins, Native Insurgencies and the Genocidal Impulse in the Americas (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN, 2005).
173
Philippe R. Girard, «Caribbean Genocide: Racial War in Haiti, 1802–1804» Patterns of Prejudice 39, no 2 (2005): 137–161.
174
Richard Lee Turtis, «A World Destroyed, A Nation Imposed: The 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic» Hispanic American Historical Review 82, no. 3 (2002): 589–635.
175
See the chapters by Ben Kiernan and Alexander L. Hinton в этой книге.
176
Jacques Semelin, «Analysis of a Mass Crime: Ethnic Cleansing in the Former Yugoslavia, 1991–1999» in The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, ed. Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan (Cambridge, 2003), 353–370; Bette Denich, «Dismembering Yugoslavia: Nationalist Ideologies and the Symbolic Revival of Genocide», American Ethnologist 21, no. 2 (1994): 367–390; Robert M. Hayden, «Imagined Communities and Real Victims: Self-Determination and Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia», American Ethnologist 23, no. 4 (1996): 783–801; Damir Mirkovic, «The Historical Link between the Ustasha Genocide and the Croato-Serbian Civil War: 1991–1995», Journal of Genocide Research 2, no. 3 (2000): 363–373; Anthony Oberschall, «The Manipulation of Ethnicity: From Ethnic Co-operation to Violence and War in Yugoslavia», Ethnic and Racial Studies 23, no. 6 (2000): 982–1001.
177
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World (2001), 177–210.
178
Karl Marx, Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization, ed. and intro. Shlomo Avineri (New York, 1969), 224
179
Jean-Paul Sartre, «Preface» in Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 20.
180
Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 88.
181
Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, intro. Jean-Paul Sartre (Boston, [1957] 1965), 151. Лия Гринфельд также пишет об обиде – ненависти и зависти – источнике национализма. См. ее книгу Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA, 1992), 16.
182
Концепция, описывающая мировоззрение, в котором реальность жестко разделена на абсолютное добро и зло без полутонов. – Примеч. ред.
183
Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 93; Jean-Paul Sartre, «Introduction» in Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, xxviii; Abdul R. JanMohamed, Manichean Aesthetics: The Politics of Literature in Colonial Africa (Amherst, MA, 1983), 4.
184
Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, 130–131.
185
Там же, 130, 139. Проницательность Мемми очень близка к теории социального регресса, выдвинутой Вамиком Волканом. См. его книгу Bloodlines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism (Boulder, CO, 1997); Volkan, Blind Trust: Large Groups and their Leaders in Times of Crisis and Terror (Charlottesville, VA, 2004); Volkan, «Traumatized Societies», в Violence or Dialogue? Psychoanalytic Insights on Terror and Terrorism, ed. Sverre Varvin and Vamik D. Volkan (London, 2003), 217–236.
186
Albert Memmi, Jews and Arabs (Chicago, 1975).
187
Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 146, 158; Benita Parry, «Resistance Theory/Theorising Resistance or Two Cheers for Nativism» in Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory, ed. Francis Barker, Peter Hulme, and Margaret Iversen (Manchester, UK, 1994), 172–191.
188
Ср.: Steven T. Katz, Historicism, The Holocaust, and Zionism: Critical Studies in Modern Jewish Thought and History (New York and London, 1992), 299.
189
Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, 134–137; Sartre, «Preface» в книге Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 18, 21.
190
Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 148.
191
Там же, 94, 24.
192
Sartre, «Preface» in ibid., 22. «Туземец излечивается от колониального невроза, вытесняя поселенца силой оружия. Когда его захлестывает ярость, он заново открывает свою утраченную невинность и познает себя через акт самосотворения – создает себя сам».
193
Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 156–159.
194
Clifford Geertz, «The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States» in Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, ed. Clifford Geertz (New York, 1963), 109–119.
195
Mahmood Mamdani, «Beyond Settler and Native as Political Identities: Overcoming the Political Legacy of Colonialism» Comparative Studies in Society and History 43, no. 4 (2001): 651–664.
196
Rosa Luxemburg, «The Junius Pamphlet: The Crisis in the German Social Democracy» в книге Rosa Luxemburg Speaks, ed. and intro May-Alice Waters (New York, 1970), 269, 281.
197
Я даю более подробный анализ в работе: A. Dirk Moses, «Colonialism» in The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies, ed. Peter Hayes and John K. Roth (Oxford, 2009).
198
Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 101.
199
Frantz Fanon, Black Skin/White Masks, trans. by Charles Lam Markmann (New York, 1967), 115, 89.
200
Цитируется по Richard H. King, Race, Culture, and the Intellectuals, 1940–1970 (Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD, 2004), 47.
201
Примером такого рода уравнивания или подмены понятий является Ward Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide (San Francisco, 1997).