Экономическая наука в тяжелые времена. Продуманные решения самых важных проблем современности
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8
Matthew Smith, “Leave Voters Are Less Likely to Trust Any Experts – Even Weather Forecasters,” YouGov, 2017, https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2017/02/17/leave-voters-are-less-likely-trust-any-experts-eve
9
Данный опрос был проведен при участии Стефани Станчевой и описан в: Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Stefanie Stantcheva, “Me and Everyone Else: Do People Think Like Economists?” MIMEO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019.
10
“Steel and Aluminum Tariffs,” Chicago Booth, IGM Forum, 2018, http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/steel-and-aluminum-tariffs
11
“Refugees in Germany,” Chicago Booth, IGM Forum, 2017, http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/refugees-in-germany (ответы нормируются по числу людей, которые высказывают свое мнение).
12
“Robots and Artificial Intelligence,” Chicago Booth, IGM Forum, 2017, http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence
13
Laissez-faire – буквальный перевод с французского «позвольте-делать» – экономическая доктрина минимального вмешательства государства в экономику. – Прим. пер.
14
Paola Sapienza and Luigi Zingales, “Economic Experts versus Average Americans,” American Economic Review 103, no. 10 (2013): 636–642, https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.636
15
“A Mean Feat,” Economist, January 9, 2016, https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2016/01/09/a-mean-feat
16
Авторы, лауреаты Нобелевской премии по экономике, очевидно, не знакомы с шуткой главного героя сериала, Шелдона Купера в финальном эпизоде: «Мы получили Нобелевскую премию по физике. Скромность для тех, кто получает нобелевку в нелепых номинациях, типа литературы, экономики или мира». – Прим. пер.
17
Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (New York: Scribner, 2010); Сиддхартха Мукерджи, Царь всех болезней. Биография рака (Москва: АСТ, 2013).
18
Доклад ООН по международной миграции (подборка), https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf; Mathias Czaika and Hein de Haas, “The Globalization of Migration: Has the World Become More Migratory?” International Migration Review 48, no. 2 (2014): 2 83 –323.
19
“EU Migrant Crisis: Facts and Figures,” News: European Parliament, June 30, 2017, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20170629STO78630/eu-migrant-crisis-facts-and-figures
20
Alberto Alesina, Armando Miano, and Stefanie Stantcheva, “Immigration and Redistribution,” NBER Working Paper 24733, 2018.
21
Oscar Barrera Rodriguez, Sergei M. Guriev, Emeric Henry, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, “Facts, Alternative Facts, and Fact-Checking in Times of Post-Truth Politics,” SSRN Electronic Journal (2017), https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3004631
22
Alesina, Miano, and Stantcheva, “Immigration and Redistribution”.
23
Rodriguez, Guriev, Henry, and Zhuravskaya, “Facts, Alternative Facts, and Fact-Checking in Times of Post-Truth Politics.”
24
Warsan Shire, “Home,” https://www.seekers guidance.org/articles/social-issues/home-warsan-shire/
25
Maheshwor Shrestha, “Push and Pull: A Study of International Migration from Nepal,” Policy Research Working Paper WPS 7965 (Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2017), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/318581486560991532/Push-and-pull-a-study-of-international-migration-from-Nepal
26
Aparajito, directed by Satyajit Ray, 1956, Merchant Ivory Productions.
27
Используя данные из 65 стран, Олвин Янг обнаружил, что городские жители потребляют на 52 % больше, чем сельские жители: Alwyn Young, “Inequality, the Urban-Rural Gap, and Migration,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 4 (2013): 1727–85.
28
Abhijit Banerjee, Nils Enevoldsen, Rohini Pande, and Michael Walton, “Information as an Incentive: Experimental Evidence from Delhi,” MIMEO, Harvard, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/rpande/files/delhivoter_shared-14.pdf
29
Lois Labrianidis and Manolis Pratsinakis, “Greece’s New Emigration at Times of Crisis,” LSE Hellenic Observatory GreeSE Paper 99, 2016.
30
John Gibson, David McKenzie, Halahingano Rohorua, and Steven Stillman, “The Long-Term Impacts of International Migration: Evidence from a Lottery,” World Bank Economic Review 32, no. 1 (February 2018): 127–47.
31
Michael Clemens, Claudio Montenegro, and Lant Pritchett, “The Place Premium: Wage Differences for Identical Workers Across the U.S. Border,” Center for Global Development Working Paper 148, 2009.
32
Emi Nakamura, Jósef Sigurdsson, and Jón Steinsson, “The Gift of Moving: Intergenerational Consequences of a Mobility Shock,” NBER Working Paper 22392, 2017, revised January 2019, DOI: 10.3386/w22392.
33
Ibid.
34
Matti Sarvimäki, Roope Uusitalo, and Markus Jäntti, “Habit Formation and the Misallocation of Labor: Evidence from Forced Migrations,” 2019, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3361356 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3361356
35
Gharad Bryan, Shyamal Chowdhury, and Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, “Underinvestment in a Profitable Technology: The Case of Seasonal Migration in Bangladesh,” Econometrica 82, no. 5 (2014): 1671–1748.
36
David Card, “The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 43, no. 2 (1990): 245–257.
37
George J. Borjas, “The Wage Impact of the Marielitos: A Reappraisal,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 70, no. 5 (February 13, 2017): 1077–1110.
38
Giovanni Peri and Vasil Yasenov, “The Labor Market Effects of a Refugee Wave: Synthetic Control Method Meets the Mariel Boatlift,” Journal of Human Resources 54, no. 2 (January 2018): 267–309.
39
Ibid.
40
George J. Borjas, “Still More on Mariel: The Role of Race,” NBER Working Paper 23504, 2017.
41
Jennifer Hunt, “The Impact of the 1962 Repatriates from Algeria on the French Labor Market,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45, no. 3 (April 1992): 556–572.
42
Rachel M. Friedberg, “The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, no. 4 (November 2001): 1373–1408.
43
Marco Tabellini, “Gifts of the Immigrants, Woes of the Natives: Lessons from the Age of Mass Migration,” HBS Working Paper 19-005, 2018.
44
Mette Foged and Giovanni Peri, “Immigrants’ Effect on Native Workers: New Analysis on Longitudinal Data,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8, no. 2 (2016): 1–34.
45
The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2017), https://doi.org/10.17226/23550
46
Christian Dustmann, Uta Schönberg, and Jan Stuhler, “Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment, “Quarterly Journal of Economics 132, no. 1 (February 2017): 435–483.
47
Michael A. Clemens, Ethan G. Lewis, and Hannah M. Postel, “Immigration Restrictions as Active Labor Market Policy: Evidence from the Mexican Bracero Exclusion,” American Economic Review 108, no. 6 (June 2018): 1468–1487.
48
Foged and Peri, “Immigrants’ Effect on Native Workers”.
49
Patricia Cortés, “The Effect of Low-Skilled Immigration on US Prices: Evidence from CPI Data,” Journal of Political Economy 116, no. 3 (2008): 381–422.
50
Patricia Cortés and José Tessada, “Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Skilled Women,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, no. 3 (July 2011): 88–123.
51
Emma Lazarus, “The New Colossus,” in Emma Lazarus: Selected Poems, ed. John Hollander (New York: Library of America, 2005), 58. [Эмма Лазарус (1849–1887) – американская писательница и поэтесса, автор сонета «Новый Колосс» (1883), текст которого размещен на пьедестале статуи Свободы в Нью-Йорке. – Прим. пер.].
52
Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, and Katherine Eriksson, “Europe’s Tired, Poor, Huddled Masses: Self-Selection and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration,” American Economic Review 102, no. 5 (2012): 1832–1856.
53
“Immigrant Founders of the 2017 Fortune 500,” Center for American Entrepreneurship, 2017, http://startupsusa.org/fortune500/
54
Nakamura, Sigurdsson, and Steinsson, “The Gift of Moving”.
55
Jie Bai, “Melons as Lemons: Asymmetric Information, Consumer Learning, and Quality Provision,” working paper, 2018, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B52sohAPtnAWYVhBY-m11cDBrSmM/view
56
«Таким образом, владелец денег лишь в том случае может превратить свои деньги в капитал, если найдет на товарном рынке свободного рабочего, свободного в двояком смысле: в том смысле, что рабочий – свободная личность и располагает своей рабочей силой как товаром и что, с другой стороны, он не имеет для продажи никакого другого товара, гол как сокол, свободен от всех предметов, необходимых для осуществления своей рабочей силы»: Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1 (New York: Penguin, 1992), 272–273; Карл Маркс, “Капитал. Том I”, в Карл Маркс и Фридрих Энгельс, Сочинения, т. 23 (Москва: Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1960), 179.
57
Girum Abebe, Stefano Caria, and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, “The Selection of Talent: Experimental and Structural Evidence from Ethiopia,” working paper, 2018.
58
Christopher Blattman and Stefan Dercon, “The Impacts of Industrial and Entrepreneurial Work on Income and Health: Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10, no. 3 (July 2018): 1–38.
59
Girum Abebe, Stefano Caria, Marcel Fafchamps, Paolo Falco, Simon Franklin, and Simon Quinn, “Anonymity or Distance? Job Search and Labour Market Exclusion in a Growing African City,” CSAE Working Paper WPS/2016-10-2, 2018.
60
Stefano Caria, “Choosing Connections. Experimental Evidence from a Link-Formation Experiment in Urban Ethiopia,” working paper, 2015; Pieter Serneels, “The Nature of Unemployment Among Young Men in Urban Ethiopia,” Review of Development Economics 11, no. 1 (2007): 170–186.
61
Carl Shapiro and Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device,” American Economic Review 74, no. 3 (June 1984): 433–444.
62
Emily Breza, Supreet Kaur, and Yogita Shamdasani, “The Morale Effects of Pay Inequality,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 133, no. 2 (2018): 611–663.
63
Dustmann, Schönberg, and Stuhler, “Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment”.
64
Patricia Cortés and Jessica Pan, “Foreign Nurse Importation and Native Nurse Displacement,” Journal of Health Economics 37 (2017): 164–180.
65
Kaivan Munshi, “Networks in the Modern Economy: Mexican Migrants in the U.S. Labor Market,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118, no. 2 (2003): 549–599.
66
Lori Beaman, “Social Networks and the Dynamics of Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Refugees Resettled in the U.S.,” Review of Economic Studies 79, no. 1 (January 2012): 128–161.
67
George Akerlof, “The Market for ‘Lemons’: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 84, no. 3 (1970): 488–500; Джордж Акерлоф, “Рынок ‘лимонов’: неопределенность качества и рыночный механизм”, THESIS: Теория и история экономических и социальных институтов и систем, 1994, вып. 5: 91–104.
68
Рецензенты и редакторы, по-видимому, сочли статью Акерлофа трудной для понимания. По существу, использованное в статье доказательство разваливающегося рынка на основе логического круга должно быть подкреплено надлежащим математическим объяснением, но в 1970 году данный стиль математической аргументации был не знаком большинству экономистов. Поэтому потребовалось некоторое время, прежде чем журнал отважился опубликовать статью. Но после того, как статья Акерлофа была опубликована, она почти сразу стала классикой и до сих пор остается одной из наиболее влиятельных статей в экономической науке. Использованный Акерлофом математический метод, то есть один из разделов прикладной математики, который называется «теория игр», теперь преподается студентам экономических факультетов.
69
Banerjee, Enevoldsen, Pande, and Walton, “Information as an Incentive”.
70
World air quality report, AirVisual, 2018, https://www.airvisual.com/world-most-polluted-cities
71
Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, “The Economic Lives of the Poor,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 1 (2007): 141–168.
72
Global Infrastructure Hub, Global Infrastructure Outlook, Oxford Economics, 2017.
73
Edward Glaeser, Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier (London: Macmillan, 2011); Эдвард Глейзер, Триумф города. Как наше величайшее изобретение делает нас богаче, умнее, экологичнее, здоровее (Москва: Издательство Института Гайдара, 2014).
74
Jan K. Brueckner, Shihe Fu Yizhen Gu, and Junfu Zhang, “Measuring the Stringency of Land Use Regulation: The Case of China’s Building Height Limits,” Review of Economics and Statistics 99, no. 4 (2017) 663–677.
75
Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, Poor Economics (New York: Public Affairs, 2011), ch. 6.
76
W. Arthur Lewis, “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour,” Manchester School 22, no. 2 (1954): 139–191.
77
Robert Jensen and Nolan H. Miller, “Keepin’ ’Em Down on the Farm: Migration and Strategic Investment in Children’s Schooling,” NBER Working Paper 23122, 2017.
78
Robert Jensen, “Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women’s Work and Family Decisions? Experimental Evidence from India,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 127, no. 2 (2012): 753–792.
79
Bryan, Chowdhury, and Mobarak, “Underinvestment in a Profitable Technology.”
80
Maheshwor Shrestha, “Get Rich or Die Tryin’: Perceived Earnings, Perceived Mortality Rate, and the Value of a Statistical Life of Potential Work-Migrants from Nepal,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7945, 2017.
81
Maheshwor Shrestha, “Death Scares: How Potential Work-Migrants Infer Mortality Rates from Migrant Deaths,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7946, 2017.