Origin of Cultivated Plants
- -
- 100%
- +
Fresenius, Catal. Sem. Horti. Francof., 1834, Beitr. z. Fl. Abyss., p. 141.
1956
Stanislas Julien, in Loiseleur, Consid. sur les Céréales, part i. p. 29; Bretschneider, Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, pp. 8 and 9.
1957
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., i. p. 267.
1958
Piddington, Index; Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 437.
1959
Theophrastus, Hist., lib. iv. cap. 4, 10.
1960
Strabo, Géographie, Tardieu’s translation, lib. xv. cap. 1, § 18; lib. xv. cap. 1. § 53.
1961
Reynier, Économie des Arabes et des Juifs (1820), p. 450; Économie Publique et Rurale des Égyptiens et des Carthaginois (1823), p. 324.
1962
Unger mentions none; Birch, in 1878, furnishes a note to Wilkinson’s Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, ii. p. 402, “There is no proof of the cultivation of rice, of which no grains have been found.”
1963
Reynier, ibid.
1964
Targioni, Cenni Storici.
1965
Crawfurd, in Journal of Botany, 1866, p. 324.
1966
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 200.
1967
Aitchinson, Catal. Punjab., p. 157.
1968
Nees, in Martius, Fl. Brasil., in 8vo, ii. p. 518; Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 458.
1969
Von Mueller writes to me that rice is certainly wild in tropical Australia. It may have been accidentally sown, and have become naturalized. – Author’s note, 1884.
1970
Bonafous, Hist. Nat. Agric. et Économique du Maïs, 1 vol. in folio, Paris and Turin. 1836.
1971
A. de Candolle, Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève, Aug. 1836, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 942.
1972
Molinari, Storia d’Incisa, Asti, 1816.
1973
Riant, La Charte d’Incisa, 8vo pamphlet, 1877, reprinted from the Revue des Questions Historiques.
1974
Ruellius, De Natura Stirpium, p. 428, “Hanc quoniam nostrorum ætate e Græcia vel Asia venerit Turcicum frumentum nominant.” Fuchsius, p. 824, repeats this phrase in 1543.
1975
Tragus, Stirpium, etc., edit. 1552, p. 650.
1976
Dodoens, Pemptades, p. 509; Camerarius, Hort., p. 94; Matthiole, edit. 1570, p. 305.
1977
P. Martyr, Ercilla, Jean de Lery, etc., 1516-1578.
1978
Hernandez, Thes. Mexic., p. 242.
1979
Lasègue, Musée Delessert, p. 467.
1980
Fée, Souvenirs de la Guerre d’Espagne, p. 128.
1981
Bibliothèque Orientale, Paris, 1697, at the word Rous.
1982
Kunth, Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 1, vol. viii. p. 418; Raspail, ibid.; Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens; A. Braun, Pflanzenreste Ægypt. Mus. in Berlin; Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians.
1983
Forskal, p. liii.
1984
Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago, Edinburgh, 1820, vol. i., Journal of Botany, 1866, p. 326.
1985
Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 568.
1986
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7, 18.
1987
Ibid.
1988
The article is in the Pharmaceutical Journal of 1870; I only know it from a short extract in Seemann’s Journal of Botany, 1871, p. 62.
1989
Rumphius, Amboin., vol. v. p. 525.
1990
Malte-Brun, Géographie, i. p. 493.
1991
A plant engraved on an ancient weapon which Siebold had taken for maize is a sorghum, according to Rein, quoted by Wittmack, Ueber Antiken Maïs.
1992
See Martius, Beiträge zur Ethnographie Amerikas, p. 127.
1993
Darwin, Var. of Plants and Anim. under Domest., i. p. 320.
1994
A. de Saint-Hilaire, Ann. Sc. Nat., xvi. p. 143.
1995
Lindley, Journ. of the Hortic. Soc., i. p. 114.
1996
I quote these facts from Wittmack, Ueber Antiken Maïs aus Nord und Sud Amerika, p. 87, in Berlin Anthropol. Ges., Nov. 10, 1879.
1997
Rochebrune, Recherches Ethnographiques sur les Sépultures Péruviennes d’Ancon, from an extract by Wittmack in Uhlworm, Bot. Central-Blatt., 1880, p. 1633, where it may be seen that the burial-ground was used before and after the discovery of America.
1998
Sagot, Cult. des Céréales de la Guyane Franç. (Journ. de la Soc. Centr. d’Hortic. de France, 1872, p. 94).
1999
De Naidaillac, in his work entitled Les Premiers Hommes et les Temps Préhistoriques, gives briefly the sum of our knowledge of these migrations of the ancient peoples of America in general. See especially vol. ii. chap. 9.
2000
De Naidaillac, ii. p. 69, who quotes Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States.
2001
Willkomm and Lange., Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 872.
2002
Boissier, Fl. Orient.; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., and others.
2003
Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 32, figs. 65, 66.
2004
De Lanessan, in his translation from Flückiger and Hanbury, Histoire des Drogues d’Origine Végétale, i. p. 129.
2005
Dioscorides, Hist. Plant., lib. iv. c. 65.
2006
Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xx. c. 18.
2007
Unger, Die Pflanze als Errerungs und Betaübungsmittel, p. 47; Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, i. p. 50.
2008
Ebn Baithar, German trans., i. p. 64.
2009
Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 3, vol. i. p. 366.
2010
Ainslie, Mat. Med. Indica, i. p. 326.
2011
Nemnich, Polygl. Lexicon, p. 848.
2012
Martin, in Bull. Soc. d’Acclimatation, 1872, p. 200.
2013
Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 117; Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., 47.
2014
Ebn Baithar, i. p. 64.
2015
Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 40.
2016
Barbosa’s work was published in 1516.
2017
Hughes, Trade Report, quoted by Flückiger and Hanbury.
2018
Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 53.
2019
Sloane, ibid.; Clos, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th. series, vol. viii. p. 260; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 20.
2020
Seemann, Bot. of Herald., pp. 79, 268; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 94; Meyer, Essequebo, p. 202; Piso, Hist. Nat. Brasil, edit. 1648, p. 65; Claussen, in Clos, ubi supra.
2021
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 581; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Africa, i. p. 114.
2022
Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 971.
2023
Parlatore, Le Specie dei Cotoni, text in 4to, plates in folio, Florence, 1866.
2024
Todaro, Relazione della Coltura dei Cotoni in Italia, segnita da una Monographia del Genere Gossypium, text large 8vo, plates in folio, Rome and Palermo, 1877-78; a work preceded by several others of less importance, which were known to Parlatore.
2025
Masters, in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 210; and in Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 346.
2026
Kurz, Forest Flora of British Burmah, i. p. 129.
2027
Piddington, Index.
2028
Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. iv. cap. 5.
2029
Ibid., lib. iv. cap. 9.
2030
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 7.
2031
Pausanias, lib. v., cap. 5; lib. vi. cap. 26; Pliny, lib. xix. cap. 1. See Brandes, Baumwolle, p. 96.
2032
C. Ritter, Die Geographische Verbreitung der Baumwolle, p. 25.
2033
It is impossible not to remark the resemblance between this name and that of flax in Arabic, kattan or kittan; it is an example of the confusion which takes place in names where there is an analogy between the products.
2034
De Lasteyrie, Du Cotonnier, p. 290.
2035
Torrey and Asa Gray, Flora of North America, i. p. 230; Darlington, Agricultural Botany, p. 16.
2036
Schouw, Naturschilderungen, p. 152.
2037
Masters, in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 211; Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 347; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 265 (under the name Gossypium nigrum); Parlatore, Specie dei Cotoni, p. 25.
2038
Rosellini, Monumenti dell’ Egizia, p. 2; Mon. Civ., i. p. 60.
2039
Parlatore, Specie dei Cotoni, p. 16.
2040
Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xix. cap. 1.
2041
Pollux, Onomasticon, quoted by C. Ritter, ubi supra, p. 26.
2042
Reynier, Économie des Arabes et des Juifs., p. 363; Bertoloni, Noc. Act. Acad. Bonon., ii. p. 213, and Miscell. Bot., 6; Viviani, in Bibl. Ital., vol. lxxxi. p. 94; C. Ritter, Géogr. Verbreitung der Baumwolle, in 4to.; Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 93; Brandis, Der Baumwolle in Alterthum, in 8vo. 1880.
2043
Masters, in Oliver, Flora of Trop. Africa, i. p. 322; and in Hooker, Flora of Brit. India, i. p. 347.
2044
He says, for instance, of Gossypium herbaceum, which is certainly of the old world, as facts known before his time show, “habitat in America.”
2045
Nascitur in calidis humidisque cultis præcipue locis (Hernandez, Novæ Hispaniæ Thesaurus, p. 308).
2046
Hemsley, Biologia Centrali-Americana, i. p. 123.
2047
Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 72.
2048
Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. India Is., p. 86.
2049
Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granatensis, p. 170.
2050
The Malvaceæ have not yet appeared in the Flora Brasiliensis.
2051
Cl. Gay, Flora Chilena, i. p. 312.
2052
The Gardener’s Chronicle of Sept. 4, 1880, gives details about the cultivation of this plant, the use of its seeds, and the extensive exportation of them from the west coast of Africa, Brazil, and India to Europe.
2053
A. de Candolle, Géographie Botanique Raisonnée, p. 962.
2054
Linnæus, Species Plantarum, p. 1040.
2055
R. Brown, Botany of Congo, p. 53.
2056
Bentham, in Trans. Linn. Soc., xviii. p. 159; Walpers, Repertorium, i. p. 727.
2057
Maregraf and Piso, Brasil., p. 37, edit. 1648.
2058
Ibid., edit. 1638, p. 256.
2059
Acosta, Hist. Nat. Ind., French, trans., 1598, p. 165.
2060
Aublot, Pl. Guyan, p. 765.
2061
Sloane, Jamaica, p. 184.
2062
Guillemin and Perrottet, Fl. Senegal.
2063
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin.
2064
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 280; Piddington, Index.
2065
Rumphius, Herb. Amb., v. p. 426.
2066
Rochebrune, from the extract in the Botanisches Centralblatt, 1880, p. 1634.
2067
Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, p. 18.
2068
Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 189.
2069
Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., i. p. 349; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., iii. p. 180.
2070
Ritter, quoted in Flora, 1846, p. 704.
2071
Meyen, Géogr. Bot., English trans., p. 384; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 338.
2072
H. Welter, Essai sur l’Histoire du Café, 1 vol. in 8vo, Paris, 1868.
2073
Ellis, An Historical Account of Coffee, 1774.
2074
Ebn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s trans., 2 vols. 8vo, 1842.
2075
Bellus, Epist. ad Clus., p. 309.
2076
Rauwolf, Clusius.
2077
Rauwolf; Bauhin, Hist., i. p. 422.
2078
Bellus, ubi supra.
2079
Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., p. 350.
2080
An extract from the same author in Playfair, Hist. of Arabia Felix, Bombay, 1859, does not mention this assertion.
2081
Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iv. p. 552.
2082
Ellis, ubi supra; Nouv. Dict., ibid.
2083
This detail is borrowed from Ellis, Diss. Caf., p. 16. In the Notices Statistiques sur les Colonies Françaises (ii. p. 46) I find: “About 1716 or 1721, fresh seeds of the coffee having been brought secretly from Surinam, in spite of the precautions of the Dutch, the cultivation of this colonial product became naturalized at Cayenne.”
2084
The name of this sailor has been spelt in several ways – Declieux, Duclieux, Desclieux. From the information supplied me at the ministère de la guerre, I learn that de Clieu was a gentleman, and a connection of the Comte de Maurepas. He was born in Normandy, went into the navy in 1702, and retired in 1760, after a distinguished career. He died in 1775. The official reports have not neglected to mention the important fact that he introduced the coffee plant into the French colonies.
2085
Deleuze, Hist. du Muséum, i. p. 20.
2086
Not. Stat. Col. Franç., i. p. 30.
2087
Ibid., i. p. 209.
2088
Martin, Stat. Col. Brit. Emp.
2089
Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., iv. p. 135.
2090
Not. Stat. Col. Franç., ii. p. 84.
2091
H. Welter, Essai sur l’Histoire du Café, 1 vol. 8vo, Paris, 1868.
2092
In Hiern, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd series, vol. i. p. 171, pl. 24. This plate is reproduced in the Report of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew for 1876.
2093
Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., iii. p. 181.
2094
Cl. Gay, Fl. Chilena, iv. p. 268.
2095
Asa Gray, in Watson, Bot. of California, i. p. 359.
2096
A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 1047.
2097
Rumphius, Amboin., ii. p. 17; Blume, Rhumphia, i. p. 180.
2098
Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, iii. p. 845.
2099
Bentham and Hooker, Genera Pl., ii. p. 1059.
2100
Pickering, Chronol. History of Plants, p. 223; Rumphius, Herb. Amb., v. p. 204; Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, ii. p. 760; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 273; Grisebach. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 458.
2101
Blume, Bijdragen, p. 778.
2102
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 100; Piddington, Index.
2103
Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 254.
2104
Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1801.
2105
Ibid., On Study, etc., p. 16.
2106
Theophrastus, lib. viii. cap. 1, 5; Dioscorides, lib. ii. cap. 121; Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 10.
2107
Pliny, Hist., lib. xv. cap. 7.
2108
Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii.; Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 45.
2109
Reynier, Écon. Pub. des Arabes et des Juifs, p. 431; Löw, Aramäeische Pflanzennamen, p. 376.
2110
E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. p. 75.
2111
Herodotus, lib. i. cap. 193.
2112
Thwaites, Enum., p. 209.
2113
Piso, Brazil., edit. 1658, p. 211.
2114
Ball, Floræ Maroccanæ Spicilegium, p. 664.
2115
Müller, Argov., in D.C., Prodromus, vol. xv. part 2, p. 1017.
2116
Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., ii. p. 250; Schweinfurth, Plantæ Niloticæ a Hartmann, etc., p. 13.
2117
Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 262.
2118
Forskal, Fl. Arabica, p. 71.
2119
Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1143.
2120
Rheede, Malabar, ii. p. 57, t. 32.
2121
Rumphius, Herb. Amb., vol. iv. p. 93.
2122
Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Japon., i. p. 424.
2123
Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 61.
2124
Theophrastus, Hist., lib. i. cap. 19; Dioscorides, lib. iv. cap. 171; Fraas, Syn. Fl Class., p. 92.
2125
Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon; Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 75.
2126
Jonah iv. 6. Pickering, Chron. His. Plants, p. 225, writes kykwyn.
2127
Flückiger and Haubury, Pharmacographia, p. 511.
2128
A. de Candolle, Prodr., xvi. part 2, p. 136; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, i. p. 172; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 507; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 630; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1160; Brandis, Forest Flora of N.W. India, p. 498; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burmah, p. 390.
2129
C. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 584.
2130
Franchet and Savatier, Enum, Plant. Jap., i. 453.
2131
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 702; Bunge, Enum., p. 62.
2132
Heldreich, Verhandl. Bot. Vereins Brandenb., 1879, p. 147.
2133
Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. iii. cap. 3, 6. These passages, and others of ancient writers, are quoted and interpreted by Heldreich better than by Hehn and other scholars.
2134
Heuffel, Abhandl. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien, 1853, p. 194.
2135
De Saporta, 33rd Sess. du Congres Scient. de France.
2136
Dioscorides, lib. i. cap. 176.
2137
Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xv. cap. 22.
2138
Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xv. cap. 22.
2139
Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 31.
2140
Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera, etc., p. 39.
2141
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16; and letter of Aug. 23, 1881.
2142
Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 289; Hehn, Culturpflanzen und Hausthiere, edit. 3, p. 341.
2143
Martius, Hist. Nat. Palmarum, in folio, vol. iii. p. 170 (published without date, but before 1851).
2144
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 616; Brandis, Forest Fl. of India, p. 551; Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Burmah, p. 537; Thwaites, Enum. Zeylan., p. 327; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin-Ch., p. 695.
2145
Blume, Rumphia, ii. p. 67; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava., iii. p. 9; suppl. de Sumatra, p. 253.
2146
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 28.