The Collected Works of Alexis de Tocqueville
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Table of Contents
DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA
Book One
Introduction
Special Introduction By Hon. John T. Morgan
Hon. John T. Morgan
Special Introduction By Hon. John J. Ingalls
Introductory Chapter
Chapter I: Exterior Form Of North America
Chapter Summary
Chapter II: Origin Of The Anglo-Americans—Part I
Chapter Summary
Chapter II: Origin Of The Anglo-Americans—Part II
Chapter III: Social Conditions Of The Anglo-Americans
Chapter Summary
Chapter IV: The Principle Of The Sovereignty Of The People In America
Chapter Summary
Chapter V: Necessity Of Examining The Condition Of The States—Part I
Chapter V: Necessity Of Examining The Condition Of The States—Part II
Chapter V: Necessity Of Examining The Condition Of The States—Part III
Legislative Power Of The State
Chapter VI: Judicial Power In The United States
Chapter Summary
Chapter VII: Political Jurisdiction In The United States
Chapter Summary
Chapter VIII: The Federal Constitution—Part I
Chapter Summary
Summary Of The Federal Constitution
Chapter VIII: The Federal Constitution—Part II
Chapter VIII: The Federal Constitution—Part III
Re-election Of The President
Chapter VIII: The Federal Constitution—Part IV
Procedure Of The Federal Courts
Chapter VIII: The Federal Constitution—Part V
Chapter IX: Why The People May Strictly Be Said To Govern In The United
Chapter X: Parties In The United States
Chapter Summary
Parties In The United States
Chapter XI: Liberty Of The Press In The United States
Chapter Summary
Chapter XII: Political Associations In The United States
Chapter Summary
Chapter XIII: Government Of The Democracy In America—Part I
Chapter XIII: Government Of The Democracy In America—Part II
Instability Of The Administration In The United States
Chapter XIII: Government Of The Democracy In America—Part III
Chapter XIV: Advantages American Society Derive From Democracy—Part I
Chapter XIV: Advantages American Society Derive From Democracy—Part II
Respect For The Law In The United States
Chapter XV: Unlimited Power Of Majority, And Its Consequences—Part I
Chapter Summary
Chapter XV: Unlimited Power Of Majority, And Its Consequences—Part II
Tyranny Of The Majority
Chapter XVI: Causes Mitigating Tyranny In The United States—Part I
Chapter Summary
Chapter XVI: Causes Mitigating Tyranny In The United States—Part II
Trial By Jury In The United States Considered As A Political Institution
Chapter XVII: Principal Causes Maintaining The Democratic Republic—Part I
Chapter XVII: Principal Causes Maintaining The Democratic Republic—Part II
Chapter XVII: Principal Causes Maintaining The Democratic Republic—Part III
Chapter XVII: Principal Causes Maintaining The Democratic Republic—Part IV
Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races In The United States—Part I
Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part II
Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part III
Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part IV
Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part V
Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part VI
Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part VII
Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part VIII
Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part IX
Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part X
Conclusion
DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA
Volume II.
Book Two: Influence Of Democracy On Progress Of Opinion in The United States
De Tocqueville's Preface To The Second Part
Section I: Influence of Democracy on the Action of Intellect in The United States.
Chapter I: Philosophical Method Among the Americans
Chapter II: Of The Principal Source Of Belief Among Democratic Nations
Chapter III: Why The Americans Display More Readiness And More Taste For General Ideas Than Their Forefathers, The English.
Chapter IV: Why The Americans Have Never Been So Eager As The French For General Ideas In Political Matters
Chapter V: Of The Manner In Which Religion In The United States Avails Itself Of Democratic Tendencies
Chapter VI: Of The Progress Of Roman Catholicism In The United States
Chapter VII: Of The Cause Of A Leaning To Pantheism Amongst Democratic Nations
Chapter VIII: The Principle Of Equality Suggests To The Americans The Idea Of The Indefinite Perfectibility Of Man
Chapter IX: The Example Of The Americans Does Not Prove That A Democratic People Can Have No Aptitude And No Taste For Science, Literature, Or Art
Chapter X: Why The Americans Are More Addicted To Practical Than To Theoretical Science
Chapter XI: Of The Spirit In Which The Americans Cultivate The Arts
Chapter XII: Why The Americans Raise Some Monuments So Insignificant, And Others So Important
Chapter XIII: Literary Characteristics Of Democratic Ages
Chapter XIV: The Trade Of Literature
Chapter XV: The Study Of Greek And Latin Literature Peculiarly Useful In Democratic Communities
Chapter XVI: The Effect Of Democracy On Language
Chapter XVII: Of Some Of The Sources Of Poetry Amongst Democratic Nations
Chapter XVIII: Of The Inflated Style Of American Writers And Orators
Chapter XIX: Some Observations On The Drama Amongst Democratic Nations
Chapter XX: Characteristics Of Historians In Democratic Ages
Chapter XXI: Of Parliamentary Eloquence In The United States
Section 2: Influence of Democracy on the Feelings of Americans
Chapter I: Why Democratic Nations Show A More Ardent And Enduring Love Of Equality Than Of Liberty
Chapter II: Of Individualism In Democratic Countries
Chapter III: Individualism Stronger At The Close Of A Democratic Revolution Than At Other Periods
Chapter IV: That The Americans Combat The Effects Of Individualism By Free Institutions
Chapter V: Of The Use Which The Americans Make Of Public Associations In Civil Life
Chapter VI: Of The Relation Between Public Associations And Newspapers
Chapter VII: Connection Of Civil And Political Associations
Chapter VIII: The Americans Combat Individualism By The Principle Of Interest Rightly Understood
Chapter IX: That The Americans Apply The Principle Of Interest Rightly Understood To Religious Matters
Chapter X: Of The Taste For Physical Well-Being In America
Chapter XI: Peculiar Effects Of The Love Of Physical Gratifications In Democratic Ages
Chapter XII: Causes Of Fanatical Enthusiasm In Some Americans
Chapter XIII: Causes Of The Restless Spirit Of Americans In The Midst Of Their Prosperity
Chapter XIV: Taste For Physical Gratifications United In America To Love Of Freedom And Attention To Public Affairs
Chapter XV: That Religious Belief Sometimes Turns The Thoughts Of The Americans To Immaterial Pleasures
Chapter XVI: That Excessive Care Of Worldly Welfare May Impair That Welfare
Chapter XVII: That In Times Marked By Equality Of Conditions And Sceptical Opinions, It Is Important To Remove To A Distance The Objects Of Human Actions
Chapter XVIII: That Amongst The Americans All Honest Callings Are Honorable
Chapter XIX: That Almost All The Americans Follow Industrial Callings
Chapter XX: That Aristocracy May Be Engendered By Manufactures
Book Three: Influence Of Democracy On Manners, Properly So Called
Chapter I: That Manners Are Softened As Social Conditions Become More Equal
Chapter II: That Democracy Renders The Habitual Intercourse Of The Americans Simple And Easy
Chapter III: Why The Americans Show So Little Sensitiveness In Their Own Country, And Are So Sensitive In Europe
Chapter IV: Consequences Of The Three Preceding Chapters
Chapter V: How Democracy Affects the Relation Of Masters And Servants
Chapter VI: That Democratic Institutions And Manners Tend To Raise Rents And Shorten The Terms Of Leases
Chapter VII: Influence Of Democracy On Wages
Chapter VIII: Influence Of Democracy On Kindred
Chapter IX: Education Of Young Women In The United States
Chapter X: The Young Woman In The Character Of A Wife
Chapter XI: That The Equality Of Conditions Contributes To The Maintenance Of Good Morals In America
Chapter XII: How The Americans Understand The Equality Of The Sexes
Chapter XIII: That The Principle Of Equality Naturally Divides The Americans Into A Number Of Small Private Circles
Chapter XIV: Some Reflections On American Manners
Chapter XV: Of The Gravity Of The Americans, And Why It Does Not Prevent Them From Often Committing Inconsiderate Actions
Chapter XVI: Why The National Vanity Of The Americans Is More Restless And Captious Than That Of The English
Chapter XVII: That The Aspect Of Society In The United States Is At Once Excited And Monotonous
Chapter XVIII: Of Honor In The United States And In Democratic Communities
Chapter XIX: Why So Many Ambitious Men And So Little Lofty Ambition Are To Be Found In The United States
Chapter XX: The Trade Of Place-Hunting In Certain Democratic Countries
Chapter XXI: Why Great Revolutions Will Become More Rare
Chapter XXII: Why Democratic Nations Are Naturally Desirous Of Peace, And Democratic Armies Of War
Chapter XXIII: Which Is The Most Warlike And Most Revolutionary Class In Democratic Armies?
Chapter XXIV: Causes Which Render Democratic Armies Weaker Than Other Armies At The Outset Of A Campaign, And More Formidable In Protracted Warfare
Chapter XXV: Of Discipline In Democratic Armies
Chapter XXVI: Some Considerations On War In Democratic Communities
Book Four: Influence Of Democratic Opinions On Political Society
Chapter I: That Equality Naturally Gives Men A Taste For Free Institutions
Chapter II: That The Notions Of Democratic Nations On Government Are Naturally Favorable To The Concentration Of Power
Chapter III: That The Sentiments Of Democratic Nations Accord With Their Opinions In Leading Them To Concentrate Political Power
Chapter IV: Of Certain Peculiar And Accidental Causes Which Either Lead A People To Complete Centralization Of Government, Or Which Divert Them From It
Chapter V: That Amongst The European Nations Of Our Time The Power Of Governments Is Increasing, Although The Persons Who Govern Are Less Stable
Chapter VI: What Sort Of Despotism Democratic Nations Have To Fear
Chapter VII: Continuation Of The Preceding Chapters
Chapter VIII: General Survey Of The Subject
APPENDIX TO PARTS I. AND II.
Part I.
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Part II.
Appendix G
Appendix H
Appendix I
Appendix K
Appendix L
Appendix M
Appendix N
Appendix O
Appendix P
Appendix Q
Appendix R
Appendix S
Appendix T
Appendix U
Appendix V
Appendix W
Appendix X
Appendix Y
Appendix Z
Constitution Of The United States Of America
Article I
Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members of
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed
Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for
Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation
Section 7. All Bills for Raising Revenue shall originate in the House of
Section 8. The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes,
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the
Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or
Article II
Section 1. The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the
Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and
Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information
Section 4. The President, Vice-President and all civil Officers of the
Article III
Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in
Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all cases, in Law and
Section 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
Article IV
Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the
Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;
Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this
Article V
Article VI
Article VII
Bill Of Rights
AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE. With Notes, by Hon. John C. Spencer.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, BY A.S. BARNES & CO., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.
ADVERTISEMENT.
PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS.
CHAPTER I.
EXTERIOR FORM OF NORTH AMERICA.
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER III.
SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS.
POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS.
CHAPTER IV.
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE IN AMERICA.
CHAPTER V.
THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF TOWNSHIPS AND MUNICIPAL BODIES.{63}
LIMITS OF THE TOWNSHIP.
AUTHORITIES OF THE TOWNSHIP IN NEW ENGLAND.
EXISTENCE OF THE TOWNSHIP.
PUBLIC SPIRIT OF THE TOWNSHIPS OF NEW ENGLAND.
THE COUNTIES OF NEW ENGLAND.
ADMINISTRATION IN NEW ENGLAND.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE UNITED STATES.
OF THE STATE.
LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE STATE.
THE EXECUTIVE POWER OF THE STATE.
CHAPTER VI.
OTHER POWERS GRANTED TO THE AMERICAN JUDGES.
CHAPTER VII.
POLITICAL JURISDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.
HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.
SUMMARY OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.
PREROGATIVE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
FEDERAL POWERS.
LEGISLATIVE POWERS.
THE EXECUTIVE POWER.{134}
ACCIDENTAL CAUSES WHICH MAY INCREASE THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXECUTIVE.
ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT.
MODE OF ELECTION.
CRISIS OF THE ELECTION.
RE-ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT.
FEDERAL COURTS.{142}
MEANS OF DETERMINING THE JURISDICTION OF THE FEDERAL COURTS.
DIFFERENT CASES OF JURISDICTION.
PROCEDURE OF THE FEDERAL COURTS.
HIGH RANK OF THE SUPREME COURTS AMONG THE GREAT POWERS OF STATE.
CHAPTER IX.
WHY THE PEOPLE MAY STRICTLY BE SAID TO GOVERN IN THE UNITED STATES.
CHAPTER X.
PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES.
REMAINS OF THE ARISTOCRATIC PARTY IN THE UNITED STATES.
CHAPTER XI.
LIBERTY OF THE PRESS IN THE UNITED STATES.
CHAPTER XII.
POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.
CHAPTER XIII.
GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA.
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE.
CAUSES WHICH MAY PARTLY CORRECT THESE TENDENCIES OF THE DEMOCRACY.
PUBLIC OFFICERS UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE DEMOCRACY OF AMERICA.
INSTABILITY OF THE ADMINISTRATION IN THE UNITED STATES.
CHARGES LEVIED BY THE STATE UNDER THE RULE OF THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY.
EFFORTS OF WHICH A DEMOCRACY IS CAPABLE.
SELF-CONTROL OF THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY.
CONDUCT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS BY THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY.
CHAPTER XIV.
PUBLIC SPIRIT IN THE UNITED STATES.
NOTION OF RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES.
RESPECT FOR THE LAW IN THE UNITED STATES.
CHAPTER XV.
TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY.
POWER EXERCISED BY THE MAJORITY IN AMERICA UPON OPINION.
CHAPTER XVI.
CAUSES WHICH MITIGATE THE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY IN THE UNITED STATES.
ABSENCE OF CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION.
CHAPTER XVII.
PRINCIPAL CAUSES WHICH RENDER RELIGION POWERFUL IN AMERICA.
IMPORTANCE OF WHAT PRECEDES WITH RESPECT TO THE STATE OF EUROPE.
CHAPTER XVIII.
CONCLUSION.
APPENDICES
SUMMARY OF THE QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS IN THE UNITED STATES.
THE RECOLLECTIONS OF ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE PREFACE
FOOTNOTES:
CONTENTS
PART THE FIRST
ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE
CHAPTER I
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER II
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER III
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
PART THE SECOND
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VIII
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IX
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XI[12]
FOOTNOTES:
PART THE THIRD
MY TERM OF OFFICE
CHAPTER I
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER II
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
FOOTNOTES:
APPENDIX
I
FOOTNOTES:
II
III
IV
CORRESPONDENCE & CONVERSATIONS OF ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE
WITH NASSAU WILLIAM SENIOR
FROM 1834 TO 1859
EDITED BY
M.C.M. SIMPSON
IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME II
CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME
APPENDIX.
TOCQUEVILLE DURING THE EMPIRE
FROM DECEMBER 23, 1851 TO APRIL 20, 1858.
CONVERSATIONS
PARIS, 1851-2.
CORRESPONDENCE.
N.W. SENIOR.
N.W. SENIOR.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
N.W. SENIOR.
N.W. SENIOR.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
N.W. SENIOR.
N.W. SENIOR.
CONVERSATIONS. CORRESPONDENCE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
H. GROTE.
CONVERSATIONS WITH MR. SENIOR.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
CONVERSATIONS.
CORRESPONDENCE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
CONVERSATIONS.
CORRESPONDENCE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
CONVERSATIONS.
CORRESPONDENCE.
A.W. SENIOR.
A.W. SENIOR.
A. DE. TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
CONVERSATIONS. CORRESPONDENCE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
CONVERSATIONS.
CORRESPONDENCE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
N.W. SENIOR.
N.W. SENIOR.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.
NASSAU W. SENIOR.
JOURNAL.
N.W. SENIOR.