English Grammar with Kudjo Понятная и забавная грамматика для детей и взрослых. Part 2

Unit 1

Revision of Part 1

EXERCISE 1

Do you remember the story at the end of the first part of the book? Yes, you are right- the story about Kudjo and a mysterious egg.

Let’s continue.

Translate the continuation of the story:

Куджо осторожно заглянул в сарай. Он увидел на полу одеяло и разбитое яйцо. Он медленно подошел к скорлупе и вдруг услышал тихое шипение. Звук шел из большого старого холодильника, где Куджо обычно хранил свою еду. Он очень медленно открыл дверцу и увидел маленького зеленого дракончика, которые сидел на полке и доедал собачий корм. Когда дракончик увидел Куджо, он сразу перестал есть и шипеть, облизнулся и вдруг закричал: «Мамочка!»

Так у Куджо появился собственный питомец.

EXERCISE 2

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form:

1 While Kudjo /stare/ at the dragon, he suddenly /jump/ out of the fridge and /hug/ Kudjo.

2 Kudjo never /want/ to have a pet dragon.

3 Kudjo never /see/ a real dragon before that morning.

4 Kudjo thinks that dragons /live/ on our planet a long time ago.

5 Kudjo /buy/ a leash for his new pet tomorrow.

EXERCISE 3

Finish the sentences:

1 When Kudjo saw what had happened to his food, he …..

2 While the dragon was sleeping in Kudjo’s bed …..

3 Kudjo has never thought that …..

4 Kudjo woke up and saw …..

5 Next morning Kudjo and the dragon are going to …..

EXERCISE 4

Find the proper verb and put it into the correct tense form: hop, eat, grow, jump, love, sleep, not hear

1 The dragon already ***** all Kudjo’s food.

2 Kudjo and the dragon ***** and ***** strange sounds in the barn.

3 The dragon ***** twice by the end of the month.

4 The dragon ***** and *****in the garden when the neighbour came in.

5 Kudjo ***** the dragon since the first time he saw him.

EXERCISE 5

Put the missing word:

1 Kudjo has thought a lot about ***** for his pet.

2 The dragon has one irritating habit – he ***** very loudly and Kudjo can’t sleep next to him.

3 They are ***** dragon-flies on the lawn now.

4 The dragon has no ***** and so he can’t fly.

5 They were having lunch when suddenly the dragon realised that he didn’t like ***** at all.

EXERCISE 6

Choose the correct option:

1 Kudjo ***** up with the name for his pet – Dradjo.

a has just come

b is just coming

c had just come

2 Dradjo and Kudjo ***** Monopoly when Chilly came to see them.

a are playing

b played

c were playing

3 Dradjo ***** new commands by the age of three months.

a has learnt

b had learnt

c learns

4 Dradjo and Kudjo ***** a mind-blowing party for all their neighbors next Sunday.

a are going to throw

b will throw

c threw

5 Nobody ***** how Dradjo’s egg appeared in the cave.

a knowed

b know

c knows

EXERCISE 7

Translate the continuation of the story:

К концу первого месяца Куджо научил своего питомца многим вещам.

«Не называй меня мамочкой.»

«Не клади лапы на стол.»

«Не выпускай пламя из пасти.»

«Не облизывай гостей.»

«Не храпи.»

Это было трудно, но Драджо был готов делать все, что скажет его хозяин, тем более, если у него в лапе была какая-нибудь вкусняшка.

Вчера Куджо начал учить своего питомца собачьему языку, а сегодня Драджо уже знал 100 слов!

Unit 2

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Настоящее совершенное длительное время

This tense is used:

• for actions which started in the past and continue up to the present.

They have been playing «catch me, Monster’ since early morning. (They’re still playing.)

• for past actions of certain duration which have visible results or effects, in the present.

– Kudjo is very tired. He has been teaching his pet all day long.

• to express irritation, anger, annoyance, explanation or criticism.

– Who has been eating my treats? (showing anger)

• to put emphasis on duration, usually with for, since or how long.

– I’ve been teaching him since yesterday.

• The form is: Subject + have / has been + verb -ing.

– Kudjo has been trying to feed his pet since the morning.

EXERCISE 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Continuous:

1 Dradjo /protect/ Kudjo’s sleep since lunch.

2 Kudjo /train/ Dradjo for three months.

3 Why are you so wet? – I /run/ in the rain.

4 Kudjo and Dradjo /live/ together for a few months.

5 Drajo /learn/ Doggish since Monday.

6 They /watch/a sci-fi movie about dragons for an hour.

the question form is:

(Question word) +have/has + subject + been Ving?

How long has Kudjo been sleeping?

the negative form is: Subject + have / has + not + been + Ving.

Drajo hasn’t been calling Kudjo as Mummy since their first training.

EXERCISE 2

Find the proper verb and put it into the correct Present Perfect Continuous form: relax, do, live, wander, gnaw, eat, look for

1 What you ***** in the attic since the morning? – I’ve been ***** a mouse-trap.

2 How long you ***** this bone? – I’ve been doing it for two days.

3 I ***** since yesterday. I’m as hungry as a hunter.

4 Where you ***** all day?

5 We ***** for ages. We must recharge our batteries.

6 How long *****in this house on your own? – Since last summer.

EXERCISE 3

Kudjo has found several things that made him annoyed. Try to guess the question he is asking:

For example,

The mat is covered in bread crumbles. – Who has been eating sandwiches on my mat?!

1 The fridge is half-empty. —

2 The toy is broken. —

3 The floor is dirty. —

4 The house looks messy. —

5 There’s a lot of water on the floor in the bathroom. —

6 There is smoke coming out of the kitchen. —

The main signal words for this tense are since, for, how long, all day /week, month, year/ long.

EXERCISE 4

Put correct signal words in the gaps:

1 Kudjo has been trying to find out anything about Dradjo’s family ***** several months.

2 ***** has Dradjo been living with Kudjo?

3 Kudjo has been sleeping ***** lunch.

4 Kudjo has been lying and reading ***** an hour.

5 ***** have they been frolicking outside?

6 They have been doing monkey-business *****..

EXERCISE 5

Answer the questions using Present Perfect Continuous:

For example,

Dradjo looks excited. Why? — He has been looking forward to the trip to the cave.

1 Kudjo is tired. Why?

2 Dradjo is filthy. Why?

3 There is a nice smell from the kitchen. Why?

4 Kudjo looks worried. Why?

5 Kudjo sounds angry. Why?

6 Dradjo is sleepy. Why?

EXERCISE 6

Find and correct mistakes in 5 sentences:

1 Dradjo have been learning Doggish for a few months.

2 They have playing frisbee since the morning.

3 Dradjo has been sat in the fridge since he was hatched.

4 They have be making a tree-house for a month.

5 They have been preparing for the trip for yesterday

6 How long have they been packing?

EXERCISE 7

Choose the correct option:

1 Kudjo ***** about going to that cave for a long time.

a is thinking

b thinks

c has been thinking

2 They ***** to reveal the mystery of the egg tomorrow.

a are going

b go

c have been going

3 Kudjo’s paws ***** because he ***** all day long.

a hurt / has been running

b hurt / was running

c hurted / ran

4 They ***** since early this morning.

a are gardening

b garden

c have been gardening

5 They are covered in mud. They ***** football in the rain.

a are playing

b have been playing

c played

6 Kudjo ***** this book to his pet every evening.

a has been reading

b reads

c is reading

EXERCISE 8

Translate the story:

Куджо уже давно пытается узнать, как появилось яйцо с драконом в пещере. Он очень полюбил своего питомца и Драджо выглядит счастливым рядом с ним. Но время от времени дракончик грустит, потому что он хочет отыскать своих родителей и понять, как он очутился в той пещере один и где его настоящие мама с папой. Все сегодняшнее утро они проговорили о поисках следов семьи дракона и только что решили отправиться в ту саму пещеру, чтобы найти хоть какие-нибудь следы. Итак, они собираются отправиться в путь завтра рано утром.

(продолжение следует)

Unit 3

The Present Perfect Simple versus The Present Perfect Continuous

We use Present Perfect Continuous to indicate actions and situations that started in the past and are continuing now while Present Perfect Simple shows completed actions.

We have been reading the book since the morning.

(We started and are still doing it)

что делаем? – читаем

We have read this book. (You can borrow it.)

что сделали? – прочитали

Generally, the focus of this tense is on duration while the focus of Present Perfect Simple on the result:

He has been tidying the house for three hours.

He has already tidied the house.

EXERCISE 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous:

1 Kudjo /count/ treats. One is missing.

2 Kudjo /sleep/ since the morning walk.

3 They /build/ a tree-house. There’s a terrible mess around.

4 They /build/ the tree-house and are inviting everybody to visit it.

5 Kudjo /walk/ ten km and he can’t go any further without a rest.

6 Dradjo /babble/ without a stop for 2 hours.

7 How many treats you /eat/ today?

EXERCISE 2

Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous:

1 Dradjo /frolic/ in the garden and /eat/ all the strawberries.

2 They are not hungry. They /eat/ a lot of meat muffins for their breakfast.

3 Kudjo /read/ a lot recently. He /read/ two books this week.

4 Kudjo /clean/ the house and he is exhausted.

5 Kudjo /clean/ the house. Everything is sparkling clean.

6 It /not rain/ all day. Only for ten hours.

7 Dradjo /break/ two cups, three plates and four glasses so far.

Remember that non-continuous verbs (e.g. love, like, want, know, etc.) are not used in Present Perfect Continuous. If you have these verbs in your sentences, you should use Present Perfect instead.

For example,

He has known Kudjo for a year.

EXERCISE 3

Find the proper verb and put it into the correct form of Present Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect Simple: know, have, smell, want, belong, have, taste,

1 How long ***** this house ***** to Kudjo?

2 He ***** the milk for a few minutes. What’s up?

3 The tap water ***** strange since yesterday. Let’s call a plumber.

4 Kudjo ***** this pet for a year. He can’t imagine his life without Dradjo now.

5 They ***** this party since 7 pm. Now it’s midnight.

6 Kudjo ***** to have a pet for a long time.

7 How long ***** they ***** each other?

It’s easy to tell the difference between these tenses if you have signal verbs. Let’s refresh them together: time expressions for Present Perfect Continuous are for, since, how long, recently, lately , while markers for Present Perfect are just, ever, never, always, already, yet, since, so far, once, the first time, etc.

EXERCISE 4

Put correct signal words in the gaps:

for, since, yet, never, just, How long, already,

1 Kudjo has ***** had such a tasty big bone before.

2 They have been playing hide-and-seek ***** the morning.

3 ***** have they been thinking of going to that cave?

4 Dradjo hasn’t finished brushing his teeth *****.

5 They have ***** eaten all the food in the fridge.

6 They have been running in the rain ***** several hours.

7 Kudjo has ***** brought a new toy for Dradjo.

EXERCISE 5

Kudjo is asking Dradjo some questions. Answer these questions using the Present Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect Tenses:

1 How many Doggish words have you learnt so far?

2 Why do you look so sad?

3 Why are your eyes red?

4 Why are you wet?

5 Why are you covered in flour?

6 How long have you been walking today?

7 Why is our house in a terrible mess?

EXERCISE 6

Kudjo is texting a message to Chilly. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past, present and future tenses:

1 Sorry, I /not be/in touch for ages.

2 So many things /happen/ since I last saw you.

3 I /have/ a pet for a few months and he /live/ with me.

4 I’m sure you /not believe/ me, but my pet is a real dragon!

5 I /find/ his egg in a cave, where I /run/ to shelter from the pouring rain.

6 When he /hatch/ out, he /get/ into the fridge and /eat/ all my food there.

7 Now he /try/ to bake some weird muffins. He /do/ it since the morning and my kitchen /look/ terrible.

EXERCISE 7

Find and correct 7 mistakes in this message:

1 The muffins are smelling fantastic, but everything is covered in flour, butter and jam.

2 I’ve gave him the name Dradjo. Do you like it?

3 He is growing very fast day by day. He has already growed bigger than me!

4 Yesterday I have been walking him in the park when we met those angry stray dogs. When they saw Dradjo, they had rushed away.

5 We’ve thinking of looking for his parents recently.

6 We’re going to search for some traces in the cave, where I had found him.

7 I’ll drop you a line as soon as we come back from our trip.

EXERCISE 8

Choose the correct option:

1 They ***** for the trip for the last two hours.

a are preparing

b prepare

c have been preparing

2 It ***** hard since Monday.

a has been snowing

b is snowing

c has snowed

3 Look! Somebody black ***** to us.

a is running

b has run

c ran

4 Kudjo ***** his backpack when Dradjo ***** into the room with his empty bag.

a packed / walked

b had packed / walked

c packed / had walked

5 Dradjo ***** while Kudjo *****.

a was packing / was sleeping

b was packing /slept

c had packed /slept

6 He ***** his plan to Dradjo.

a has just explained

b had just explained

c has just been explaining

7 Somebody ***** my muffins.There are few left.

a has eaten

b has been eating

c ate

EXERCISE 9

Translate the story:

На рассвете. когда еще весь город спал, Куджо со своим питомцем отправился в путь. Солнце еще только вставало и было прохладно. Они прошли весь парк и подошли к тому месту, где начинался лес. Было уже тепло и они остановились, чтобы перекусить, так как рано утром дома им совсем не хотелось завтракать. Они сидели на берегу озера, жевали бутерброды, которые приготовил Куджо, и молчали. Дракончик думал о своих родителях, которые почему-то его бросили в пещере, а Куджо вспоминал тот день, когда нашел яйцо.

После перекуса они зашагали очень быстро и вскоре очутились в той части леса, где Куджо наткнулся на пещеру. Там было тихо и мрачно. Птицы не пели. Даже деревья не шелестели листьями. Вдруг они увидели пещеру прямо перед собой. Они посмотрели друг на друга, вздохнули и вошли внутрь.

Unit 4

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Прошедшее совершенное длительное время

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to indicate actions and situations that started in the past and continued to or ended at a particular point in the past.

Kudjo had been running in the rain for a long time before he came in to a cave.

We use this tense with for and since to indicate how long something had been going on until a particular point in the past.

The structure of a positive sentence is:

Subject + had been + Ving.

Kudjo had been kipping for two hours when Gradjo woke him up.

The structure of a negative sentence is:

Subject + hadn’t been + Ving.

He hadn’t been trying to find the family until Kudjo told him to.

The structure of a question is:

(question word) + had + subject + been + V-ing?

How long had Kudjo been sleeping by then?

EXERCISE 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous:

1 They were tired because they /play/ dodgeball all afternoon.

2 By the time Kudjo got home, Dradjo /draw/ strange planets for two hours.

3 When he entered the house, he could smell roast meat and vanilla. Dradjo /cook/ his favourite meat muffins.

4 After they /travel/ for several hours, they met a strange creature.

5 They /sleep/ for an hour when someone knocked on the door.

6 /walk / they for a long time before they got lost?

7 It /snow/ all night and they couldn’t open the front door in the morning because of snow.

8 Dradjo was coal black after he /clean/ the chimney.

EXERCISE 2

Find the proper verb and put it into the correct the Past Perfect Continuous form: wait, jog, not garden, plan, cook, not walk, swim, watch.

1 They ***** this trip for ages, so nothing went wrong.

2 Kudjo ***** in a bog for some time when suddenly something caught his leg under the water.

3 They ***** for an hour when their guests finally came.

4 They ***** for long when they stopped for a bite.

5 Kudjo ***** in the park for some minutes when he saw a whimpering puppy.

6 They ***** for several hours before dinner was ready.

7 How long ***** they ***** a cartoon before the lights went off?

8 They ***** for long when it started to rain.

EXERCISE 3

Find and correct mistakes in 7 sentences:

1 His knees and hands were very dirty. He had crawled in the garden.

2 They were out of breath. They were chasing rats.

3 Kudjo had pretending to sleep until Dradjo stopped talking and fell asleep.

4 They have been fighting since lunch and neither wanted to make up first.

5 They had living in the country for a year before they decided to move to the city.

6 How long had you be following that sheep-dog yesterday?

7 Had they been played for a long time before the bulldog joined them?

8 They had been trying to behave themselves until the Doberman beauty went home.

Past Perfect Continuous is the past equivalent of Present Perfect Continuous and has the same functions but in the past.It shows actions of a certain duration that had visible results in the past. Compare:

Kudjo is starving. He hasn’t been eating long.

Kudjo was starving. He hadn’t been eating long.

EXERCISE 4

Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect Continuous Tenses:

1 Kudjo has a backache. He /dig/ in the garden.

2 Kudjo was angry with his pet because Dradjo /eat/ his treats.

3 He is tired. He /tidy/ the house.

4 They look exhausted. They /chase/ the neighbour’s cats.

5 They /wait/ for hours before a cat got into their garden.

6 Kudjo had red eyes. He /read/ all night.

7 He /play/ with 101 dalmatians until midnight.