Verification of M.Faraday's hypothesis on the gravitational power lines

Follow M.Faraday's hypothesis, the gravitational field is considered as a viscous-elastic body, which is characterized by a number of properties: modulus of elasticity, viscosity, anisotropic structure, the ability to shear deformation. Rotation and movement of the body in orbit are leading to periodic shear deformation of the field, which is implemented in the form of gravitational radiation. It is suggested two equations to calculate the speed of its spread. Velocity gradient at the field shear causes concentric orientation of the power lines at which the motion of orbiting bodies takes place without energy consumption. Distance to the orbits with the orientation of force lines obeys quantum law. The hypothesis about the origin of the magnetic field by the motion of celestial bodies and the shear deformation of the gravitational field is suggested. The repulsive force in space is due to the movement of the body in a magnetic field of another body. The formation of planetary rings depends on the mass and speed of the planet rotation. In the process of the emergence and evolution of planetary and a satellite system it is involves three known mechanisms: condensation (accretion), division and seizure. Condensation and accretion, as well as the slow accumulation in orbit changes occur during the gradual evolutionary change systems, which are then accompanied by abrupt (catastrophic) changes as a result of fission and capture of the celestial bodies.

Introduction

The M.Faraday's power lines as the most important characteristic of the gravitational field, recognized by all, and yet this idea has not found wide implementation of development has not received what she deserves. This question is especially acute in connection with the rapid development of space, the discovery of previously unknown effect ("Pioneer" and satellites "Lageos").

Without invoking the power lines of gravity is impossible to know and explain the laws of planetary distances, the distribution of mass in the solar system, the nature of planetary rings, repulsive forces, gravitational radiation, the difference between gravitational and electric magnetism. The book is an attempt to find ways to the solution these issues.

The first chapter discusses the features of the gravitational field stationary and rotating celestial bodies. At the same time we are based on the M.Faraday's hypothesis that "The sun generates the field around itself, and the planets and other celestial bodies feel the influence of the field and behave accordingly." Elaborating on this thesis, it was assumed that the gravitational field of a cosmic body is realized in a physical medium (environment, ether, physical vacuum, dark matter) and can be considered as a viscous-elastic body, which can be characterized by a number of properties: modulus of elasticity, viscosity, anisotropic structure, the ability to shear deformation.

Shear strain of the field during the rotation of the body is considered taking into account the laws of dynamics of boundary layers formation, its particular case – separated flow. Provides a balance of forces, where the tearing is realized during the formation of the boundary layer on the surface of a revolution body.

The velocity gradient in the boundary layer results in a concentric orientation of the force lines of the gravitational field. Zone with a maximum orientation of force lines is characterized by minimal resistance movement orbit of the body and is regarded as permissible orbit.

The second chapter is the most important. It based on the experimental data on the evolution of moon satellite orbits is confirmed by many authors predicted a phenomenon similar to electromagnetic induction. Expressed and proved the assumption that the braking of lunar satellites due to the gravimagnetic forces arising at the intersection by satellites the power field lines (lines of tension or force lines) of gravitational field. To calculate the forces used an equation similar electrodynamics' equation of the Lorentz force. Estimated time of satellite braking "Lunar Prospector", "SMART-1" and "Kaguya" coincides with the actual accuracy of ± 14 %.

The scheme of the emergence of gravimagnetic forces is proposed, according to which the magnitude of the force depends on Sinα, where α is the angle at which the satellite crosses the gravimagnetic tension line. For non-rotating body – the moon, this angle is equal to 90 degree and the gravimagnetic braking force has a maximum value. In the case for rotating bodies, such as the Earth the intersection of tension line seems to occur at sharp angles and the braking force is much smaller (the "Pioneers" and satellites "Lageos")

It is suggested that the central rotating body by its rotation cause in the surrounding gravitational field periodic alternation of layers with a preferred orientation of radial and concentric force lines of the gravitational field, which leads to different intensity of the gravimagnetic braking forces and emergence of stable (permitted, elite) orbits and unstable (unresolved) orbits with high intensity of braking. An equation that determines the distance to the stable orbits is given. In equation includes a constant C = 2,48.10*8 cm / s is close in magnitude to the gravidynamic constant 2,16.10*8 cm / s, a member of the equation is similar to the Lorentz force equation is used to calculate the power gravimagnetic braking.

Establishing the exact laws of planetary and satellite orbital distances has always been a priority issue in astronomical science. However, for a long time on the empirical rule Titius-Bode law is not passed. The use of quantum principles allowed us to obtain a quantitative relationship between the orbital distances and rotation parameters of the central body. The resulting pattern confirms the above Faraday's statement that the Sun and the planets generates a field around him, and "orbiting celestial bodies feel the influence of the field, and behave accordingly."

The resulting pattern (chapter 3 and 4) states that the orbital radius of a planet or satellite R is defined by the formula: R = n*2 (GMT / C)*0,5, where n – integer, G – gravitational constant, M and T is the mass and period of rotation of the central body C – constant equal 4,63 ∙ 10*8 cm / s. From this formula it follows that the planetary and satellite distances determined by the parameters of rotation of the central body (M, T). Their influence is carried by shear deformation field, which causes the orientation of force lines that "celestial orbit bodies feel and behave accordingly."

The fifth chapter considers the nature of gravimagnetism. Based on the premise that electric charges do not exist, and their functions are carried out by elementary particles, due to the high density of matter in them (~ 10*12 g / cm3) and high rotation speeds (~ 10*15s*-1), the mechanism of magnetic fields formation, according to which the magnetic field induced by the mass of the shear deformation of the electrostatic (microgravity) field and the gravitational field. In the first case realize a field with high intensity, but it is effective at short distances. In the second case, the field has a relatively small stresses, but extends over long distances. The first kind of magnetism, taking into account the tradition, it is proposed to call electromagnetism, the second – gravimagnetism.

One of the cosmological paradoxes (it is sometimes called Newton's paradox) is that despite the absence of symmetric repulsive force gravitational force of attraction did not cause the collapse of the universe. This paradox has stimulated numerous attempts to detect cosmic repulsive force, which in size would be commensurate with the gravity. In the sixth chapter we prove that cosmic repulsive force in space has a dynamic nature. It occurs when the body has a mass moves in the magnetic (gravimagnetic) field, which is formed by the other body. This gravimetric force is similar to the electromagnetic Lorentz-Ampere force in atomic systems. Gravity and magnetic repulsive force is proportional to the square of the velocity of the moving body, the masses of interacting bodies, Sinus of the angle between the direction of motion and the power lines of gravimagnetic field and inversely proportional to the distance between the bodies in the fifth degree.

The seventh chapter is devoted to the problem of gravitational radiation. It is described two kinds of gravitational radiation due to shear deformation of the field during the rotation of the body and its orbital motion.

Shear deformation of the gravitational field has two components of normal stresses perpendicular to the direction of propagation of gravitational waves G and B. This are the vectors of gravitational and gravimagnetic tension. During the rotation or orbital motion of a body in a circle on the 360*0 the vectors change the direction relative to the selected external coordinate system, and the magnitude of the vector describes the full wave.

Radiation energy during rotation of the body can be described by the secular slowdown in the rate of rotation of celestial bodies. Radiation energy orbital motion of bodies can be estimated by reducing the potential energy of the orbital body during the transition to a low-grade orbit. Energy conversion related to gravitational radiation, are considered by the example of the evolution of the orbit lunar satellite Smart-1.

The formation of Saturn rings was considered as unique phenomenon, peculiar only to this planet. However, in recent years, circular structures were discovered at Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune, which allows to conclude that the universality of this phenomenon. In this book (chapter 8) substantiates the assumption that the formation of rings in the satellite systems associated with the rotation parameters of the central body. The relation between the distance from the planet to the rings and the parameters of the planets, which are expressed as the square root of the product of the planet mass for the period of its rotation is shown. It is suggested that the asteroid belt in our solar system and the Earth's radiation belt belong to the same group of phenomena form a ring structure by dynamic changes in the surrounding gravitational field.

Chapter 9 is devoted to the laws of the mass distribution. The existence of certain regularities in the distribution of the planets and satellites masses depending on the radius is not in doubt. It is shown that mass distribution and densities of the planets and satellites in the orbital radius is given by the distance between adjacent allowed (elite) orbits and the intensity of the gravitational field. In orbit can not be a cosmic body mass and density greater than specified. Due to the random nature of the capture bodies on their orbit the mass and density can be below given values, which explain the absence of strict regularities in the distribution of the masses of the planets and satellites.

The hypothesis according to which the mass distribution along the radius in the planetary and satellite systems is determined by the distance between neighboring orbits and gravitational tension is proposed. Hypothesis is supported by the linear dependence of the density of orbiting bodies on the value of their orbital radii at the correlation coefficient 0,90-0,91.

In the final tenth chapter is given a critical analysis of the existing theories of the origin of the solar system and is proposed a new interpretation of the problem.

In the process of the emergence and evolution of planetary and satellite systems involve three known mechanisms: condensation (accretion), division and seizure. Condensation and accretion, as well as the slow accumulation in orbit changes occur during the gradual evolutionary change systems, which are then accompanied by an abrupt (catastrophic) change as a result of fission and capture cosmic bodies.

It is summarizes the requirements to be met by the modern theory of the origin of the solar system. The formation of planetary and satellite systems consist of two types of processes: the "revolutionary" and evolutionary. Among the revolutionary are fast processes of fission and capture of bodies. To evolutionary processes belong to condensation and accretion, the gradual orbit changes due to gravitational braking and action disturbing forces. As a result of a gradual change in weight, increase in size, gravitational braking and action perturbing forces orbital system becomes unstable, and there comes a stage of revolutionary change. Celestial bodies have been always existed as well planetary and satellite systems forming or disintegrated by recombination (mechanism of capture) or accidents related to the division or merger of the central bodies and the transition of orbiting bodies to the other orbit. Accretion mechanism operates in the gap between the revolutionary transformations. It is expressed in a gradual change in the mass, the accumulation of secular changes in the orbit, which eventually expressed in the "aging" of the system, the loss of its stability and transformation by mechanism of capture or fission.

Chapter 1. The gravitational field of fixed and rotating bodies

2. The properties of the physical vacuum

In addition to continuity properties and properties when the "vacuum fluctuations, introducing virtual particles may exert pressure on the body," described in the literature [2], based on indirect evidence suggests that the physical vacuum is a viscous-elastic body whose properties can be characterized by the value of modulus and viscosity coefficient.

In materials science for objects with extremely high elastic properties are widely used methods for determining the modulus of elasticity of materials on the propagation velocity of ultrasonic waves. The higher the speed of propagation of ultrasound is the higher modulus material. The velocity of propagation of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation in the physical vacuum is very high, respectively, 2,998.10*10 and 2,3.10*8 cm / s. Consequently, we can assume that the physical vacuum as the medium in which the radiation propagates, has a high modulus of elasticity.

As for the viscous properties of the physical vacuum, they are similar to the rotational viscometer can be detected by slowing the speed of rotation of celestial bodies. Be reliably defined for the Earth and is about 0,001s for 100 years. This is secular slowing down the speed of rotation of the Earth. It is usually explained by the action of tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun. However, the inhibitory effect of the viscosity of the physical vacuum (physical environment) is also quite likely.

Another well-known fact testifies to delay the speed of rotation of celestial bodies in the process of evolution – a decrease in the rate of rotation of stars in the Main sequence. It is assumed that at the initial stage of evolution the equatorial rotation speed of the stars reaches 10 – 100 km / s. At the stage at which the Sun is located, it is 2 km / s, and continued to decrease until the release of the Main sequence.

Consider the possibility of quantifying the approximate viscous braking of the rotating cosmic body due to its shear interaction with the physical environment (physical vacuum).

Figure 1 show a diagram of this interaction, which can be used to calculate the "viscosity" of the physical vacuum. Rotating cosmic body (1) with a radius R slows its rotation under the effect of tangential force f, which is caused by the viscous resistance of the surrounding physical environment (physical vacuum). The linear velocity of the medium at the equator is the linear velocity of the body v. As the distance from the center of the body linear velocity of the medium due to its viscosity decreases to zero at the boundary of the action of the gravitational field of a rotating body at a distance Rg. To calculate the viscosity can use the Newton's law:

f = μ. (Δv / ΔR). s, (1)

where f  – tangential force, causing the shear of the physical environment, μ – viscosity coefficient, Δv / ΔR  – velocity gradient and s  – area of the layer on which there is a shear.

Using the expressions (1) to and date on the slow the rotation speed of the Earth earlier [3] was calculated the viscosity of the physical vacuum and then after the resulting viscosity a value was estimated the deceleration of the Sun rotation speed.

Fig. 1. Scheme of braking speed rotation of the cosmic body due to the viscosity of the physical vacuum: 1  – rotating body, 2  – border effect of the gravitational field of a rotating body, f  – tangential braking force, v  – equatorial velocity, R  – radius of the body, Rg  – radius of the sphere of action of the gravitational field formed body.

Also, based on indirect evidence can be seen on the property of the physical vacuum, undergo longitudinal and shear deformation. Moreover, due to the high modulus tensile longitudinal strain apparently is small. Shear deformation occurs during the formation of gravitational waves, which, by analogy with electromagnetic are apparently cross.

3. The gravitational field of a stationary body

Cosmic body creates around itself a force field – the gravitational field. The main characteristic is its gravitational strength tension at any point. It characterizes the force which acts on a point located in this different body. The tension is given by:

g = F / m, (2)

where g – the field strength (tension), F – gravitational force, m – mass of the test body made to the field.

The gravitational field can be described analytically by calculating it's intensity for each point of the field or graphically, causing tension in the plot line or field lines. An example of a graphic image of the gravitational field is shown in Figure 2. Power lines or tension lines (1) begin at cosmic body (2) and extend into the surrounding space according to the formula (2) to infinity. When interacted many bodies the line tension can take a curved shape and then on the graph the field strength can be characterized by density of the location of power lines.

Fig.2. Schematic representation of the gravitational field: 1 – line tension (power line), 2 – cosmic body.

In accordance with the above concept to consider the surrounding physical environment induced in her gravitational field as elastic-viscous body can be assumed that this body has the ability to tensile strain and shear. The greatest interest is the shear deformation, which during rotation of the body can cause a concentric orientation of the force lines and thus reduce the resistance of the field orbital motion space bodies.

4. The gravitational field of a rotating body

The interaction of a rotating body with elastic-viscous gravitational field, like other elastic-viscous fluids (liquids, gases) can be considered within the theory of dynamic boundary layers. However, with a persistent finding in the literature [4], it is almost not possible to find data on formation the boundary layers the rotating bodies.

The closest well-studied case can be considered a tear flow when the fluid flow separates from the surface of the curved shape. At the front of the body curved shape (Fig. 3) the flow velocity in the boundary layer decreases from the value v0 on the outer edge of the layer and to v = 0 on the body surface, At the point s there is separation of a laminar boundary layer, and turbulization of the flow.

Fig. 3. The scheme of formation of separated flow around the flow body with a curved generatrix: v0 is the flow velocity, s – point margin, δ – thickness of the boundary layer.

Given that according to the accepted concept to consider the gravitational field as a viscous-elastic medium, we can assume that during the rotation of a celestial body around it will produce dynamic laminar layer δ, the thickness of which will depend on the mass and speed of its rotation and to meet space scale (tens to hundreds of thousands of miles).

Figure 4 provides a diagram of the dynamic boundary layer (2) of the gravitational field on the surface of a rotating spherical celestial body (1). The body rotates at a linear velocity v0. Due to the viscosity of the environment (physical vacuum) formed in the boundary layer, the velocity gradient. On the body surface at point s, the velocity of the particles of the physical environment is equal to the linear velocity of the body vo. As the distance from the surface it drops to zero at the surface boundary layer.

Fig.4. The formation of a boundary layer δ around the rotating sphere: 1 – rotating sphere, 2 – laminar boundary layer, 3 – turbulent boundary layer, vo – linear speed on the surface of a sphere, s – point separation, fg is the gravitational force, fc is the centrifugal force,

At point s on the boundary layer, there are several forces that seek to tear it from the body surface. Most of this is centrifugal force fc due to rotation of the body. Another force that is oriented on the boundary layer separation is a normal component of the force is the viscous resistance of the physical environment fv. Has a certain value of the normal component of the inertial force fi, although in the modern sense of the properties of the physical vacuum is hard to speak about its mass (dark matter!). These forces are balanced by gravitational force fg, so that the formation of a boundary layer around the rotating spheres equality: