Английская грамматика для продолжающих. Для изучающих на среднем и продвинутом уровне

Grammar Focus

Present Simple используется для описания:

Регулярных действий и привычек.

Фактов и общих истин.

Расписаний и программ.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + V1 (для he/she/it добавляется -s/-es)

Отрицательная форма: Subject + do/does not + V1

Вопросительная форма: Do/Does + subject + V1?

Примеры:

I work every day. – Я работаю каждый день.

She does not like coffee. – Ей не нравится кофе.

Do you play football? – Ты играешь в футбол?

Советы:

Для he/she/it добавляем -s/-es: he works, she watches.

Используем наречия частоты: always, usually, often, sometimes, never.

Для отрицаний и вопросов используем do/does.

Story

A Busy Week

Tom is a teacher. He works in a school and teaches English to teenagers. Every morning, he gets up at 6:30 and has breakfast. He usually drives to work and arrives at school at 8:00. His students study different subjects, but English is his favorite class. After school, Tom goes to the park and plays football with his friends. On Mondays, he visits his parents, and on Fridays, he watches movies at home. Tom does not like staying at home all day. On weekends, he sometimes goes hiking or reads books. His life is busy, but he enjoys every day.

Useful Words and Expressions

Teacher – учитель

School – школа

Student – ученик

To work – работать

To teach – преподавать

Breakfast – завтрак

To get up – вставать

To arrive – прибывать

To study – учиться

To play – играть

To go – идти, ехать

To watch – смотреть

To visit – навещать

To read – читать

Always – всегда

Usually – обычно

Often – часто

Sometimes – иногда

Never – никогда

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Tom ______ (work) in a school.

He ______ (not / like) staying at home all day.

His students ______ (study) English every day.

On Fridays, he ______ (watch) movies at home.

Sometimes, he ______ (go) hiking on weekends.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ to school every day.

a) go

b) goes

c) going

We ______ not play football on Mondays.

a) do

b) does

c) did

______ you like pizza?

a) Do

b) Does

c) Did

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What does Tom do for work?

What time does he get up?

What does he usually do after school?

Does he like staying at home all day?

What does Tom do on weekends?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

works

does not like

study

watches

goes

Exercise 2:

b) goes

a) do

a) Do

Exercise 3:

Tom is a teacher. He teaches English to teenagers.

He gets up at 6:30 every morning.

After school, he goes to the park and plays football with his friends.

No, he does not like staying at home all day.

On weekends, he sometimes goes hiking or reads books.

Mini Tips

Добавляйте -s/-es для he/she/it и запоминайте неправильные формы: have → has.

Используйте наречия частоты, чтобы делать предложения более естественными: always, usually, sometimes, never.

Повторяйте простые действия каждый день, чтобы закрепить Present Simple.

Grammar Focus

Present Continuous используется для описания:

Действий, происходящих прямо сейчас.

Временных действий или событий.

Планов и договоренностей на ближайшее будущее.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + am/is/are + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Am/Is/Are + subject + V-ing?

Примеры:

I am reading a book now. – Я сейчас читаю книгу.

She is not working today. – Она сегодня не работает.

Are they playing football in the park? – Они играют в футбол в парке?

Советы:

Добавляйте -ing к глаголу: go → going, watch → watching.

Используйте для действий в момент речи: now, at the moment, today.

Для he/she/it используем is, для I – am, для остальных – are.

Story

A Busy Morning

Anna is cooking breakfast in the kitchen. Her brother, Peter, is reading a newspaper in the living room. Outside, the children are playing in the garden. Their dog, Max, is running after a ball. Anna is listening to music while she is preparing sandwiches. Peter is drinking coffee and is checking his emails on the laptop. The neighbors are talking near the gate. Anna and Peter are not worrying about the noise; they are used to it. Today, the weather is sunny, so everyone is enjoying the morning. By 10 a.m., Anna is planning to visit the market, and Peter is meeting his friends for a football game.

Useful Words and Expressions

To cook – готовить

Breakfast – завтрак

Kitchen – кухня

Newspaper – газета

Living room – гостиная

To play – играть

Garden – сад

Dog – собака

To run – бегать

To listen – слушать

Music – музыка

Sandwich – бутерброд

Coffee – кофе

To check – проверять

Laptop – ноутбук

Neighbors – соседи

Today – сегодня

Now – сейчас

At the moment – в данный момент

To meet – встречаться

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Anna ______ (cook) breakfast now.

Peter ______ (read) a newspaper.

The children ______ (play) in the garden.

Anna ______ (not / worry) about the noise.

Peter ______ (meet) his friends for football.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ listening to music at the moment.

a) is

b) are

c) am

______ you reading the book now?

a) Do

b) Are

c) Is

Max ______ running after the ball.

a) is

b) are

c) am

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What is Anna doing in the kitchen?

Where is Peter and what is he doing?

What are the children doing outside?

How do Anna and Peter feel about the noise?

What plans do Anna and Peter have for later?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

is cooking

is reading

are playing

is not worrying

is meeting

Exercise 2:

a) is

b) Are

a) is

Exercise 3:

Anna is cooking breakfast in the kitchen.

Peter is reading a newspaper in the living room.

The children are playing in the garden.

They are not worrying about the noise; they are used to it.

Anna is planning to visit the market, and Peter is meeting his friends for football.

Mini Tips

Используйте now, at the moment, today для распознавания Present Continuous.

Помните правило добавления -ing к глаголу и вспомогательные глаголы am/is/are.

Практикуйтесь, описывая действия вокруг себя: «I am drinking tea», «My friend is listening to music».

Grammar Focus

Present Perfect используется для описания:

Действий, которые произошли в неопределённый момент в прошлом и важны сейчас.

Опытов и достижений.

Действий, которые только что произошли.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + have/has + V3 (Past Participle)

Отрицательная форма: Subject + have/has + not + V3

Вопросительная форма: Have/Has + subject + V3?

Примеры:

I have visited Paris twice. – Я побывал в Париже дважды.

She has not finished her homework yet. – Она ещё не закончила домашнее задание.

Have you seen this film? – Ты видел этот фильм?

Советы:

Используйте с наречиями already, yet, just, ever, never, so far.

Не указывайте точное время (для этого есть Past Simple).

Повторяйте конструкции с разными глаголами, чтобы закрепить.

Story

A New Experience

Lucy has always wanted to try cooking Italian food. Last week, she has joined a cooking class. She has already made three dishes, and her teacher has praised her work. Lucy has never cooked pasta before, so this is a big step for her. She has learned many new techniques and has improved her skills. On Saturday, Lucy has invited her friends to taste her dishes. They have really enjoyed the food and have given her many compliments. Lucy has felt proud and happy. She has discovered a new hobby and has decided to continue cooking every weekend. This experience has changed her view on cooking and made her more confident in the kitchen.

Useful Words and Expressions

To try – пробовать

Cooking – приготовление пищи

Food – еда

Italian – итальянский

Class – урок, занятие

Dish – блюдо

To praise – хвалить

Work – работа

To learn – учиться

Technique – техника

Skill – навык

Friend – друг

To enjoy – наслаждаться

Compliment – комплимент

Proud – гордый

Happy – счастливый

Hobby – хобби

To discover – открывать

To decide – решать

To change – менять

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Lucy ______ (try) cooking Italian food.

She ______ (not / cook) pasta before.

Her teacher ______ (praise) her dishes.

She ______ (invite) her friends on Saturday.

Lucy ______ (discover) a new hobby.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

I ______ visited London.

a) have

b) has

c) did

She hasn’t ______ her homework yet.

a) finish

b) finished

c) finishing

______ you ever tried sushi?

a) Have

b) Did

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What new activity has Lucy started?

How many dishes has she made so far?

How do her friends feel about her cooking?

Has Lucy ever cooked pasta before?

How has this experience changed Lucy?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

has tried

has not cooked

has praised

has invited

has discovered

Exercise 2:

a) have

b) finished

a) Have

Exercise 3:

Lucy has started cooking Italian food as a new hobby.

She has already made three dishes.

Her friends have really enjoyed the food and given her compliments.

No, she has never cooked pasta before.

This experience has made Lucy more confident in cooking and has inspired her to continue learning.

Mini Tips

Используйте наречия already, yet, just, ever, never, so far для закрепления Present Perfect.

Практикуйтесь с глаголами, которые описывают опыт или достижения: visit, try, see, learn, discover.

Чтобы легче запоминать, описывайте свой день: «I have eaten breakfast», «I have finished my homework».

Grammar Focus

Present Perfect Continuous используется для описания:

Действий, которые начались в прошлом и продолжаются до настоящего момента.

Действий, которые недавно закончились, но имеют результат сейчас.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + have/has + been + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + have/has + not + been + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Have/Has + subject + been + V-ing?

Примеры:

I have been studying English for two hours. – Я учу английский уже два часа.

She has not been feeling well lately. – В последнее время она плохо себя чувствует.

Have they been waiting for the bus long? – Они давно ждут автобус?

Советы:

Используется с выражениями времени: for, since, lately, recently, all morning/day/week.

Показывает длительность действия.

Отличается от Present Perfect тем, что акцент на процессе, а не только на результате.

Story

Learning to Play Guitar

Mark has been learning to play the guitar for three months. Every evening, he has been practicing for two hours. His fingers are sore because he has been playing a lot, but he enjoys it. Mark has been listening to online tutorials to improve his technique. Lately, he has been trying to learn a new song every week. His friend Sarah has been watching him and has been giving advice. This week, Mark has been preparing for a small performance at school. Everyone has been noticing his progress, and he feels proud. Learning the guitar has been changing his daily routine, but he is happy with the results.

Useful Words and Expressions

To learn – учиться

Guitar – гитара

To play – играть

To practice – практиковаться

Fingers – пальцы

Sore – болят, устали

Enjoy – наслаждаться

Tutorial – урок (видео или онлайн)

Technique – техника

Song – песня

Friend – друг

Advice – совет

To watch – наблюдать

To prepare – готовиться

Performance – выступление

Progress – прогресс

Daily routine – распорядок дня

Lately – в последнее время

For – в течение

Since – с (начала действия)

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Mark ______ (learn) guitar for three months.

He ______ (practice) two hours every evening.

His friend Sarah ______ (watch) him and ______ (give) advice.

Mark ______ (prepare) for a performance this week.

Learning guitar ______ (change) his daily routine.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ been studying English all morning.

a) have

b) has

c) did

We ______ not been working hard recently.

a) have

b) has

c) did

______ you been waiting long?

a) Have

b) Did

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

How long has Mark been learning guitar?

What has he been doing every evening?

Who has been giving him advice?

How has learning guitar affected his daily routine?

What is Mark preparing for this week?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

has been learning

has been practicing

has been watching, has been giving

has been preparing

has been changing

Exercise 2:

b) has

a) have

a) Have

Exercise 3:

Mark has been learning guitar for three months.

He has been practicing two hours every evening.

His friend Sarah has been giving him advice.

Learning guitar has been changing his daily routine, but he enjoys it.

He is preparing for a small performance at school this week.

Mini Tips

Используйте for (длительность) и since (начало действия) для Present Perfect Continuous.

Акцентируйте процесс: «I have been reading» – действие длилось, а не только факт.

Практикуйтесь, описывая свои действия за день: «I have been studying English since morning», «I have been walking in the park for an hour».

Grammar Focus

Past Simple используется для описания:

Действий, которые произошли и закончились в прошлом.

Последовательности событий в прошлом.

Историй и воспоминаний о прошлом.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + V2 (Past Simple)

Отрицательная форма: Subject + did not + V1

Вопросительная форма: Did + subject + V1?

Примеры:

I visited Paris last year. – Я посетил Париж в прошлом году.

She did not go to school yesterday. – Она не ходила в школу вчера.

Did you watch the movie? – Ты смотрел фильм?

Советы:

Для правильных глаголов добавляем -ed: work → worked, play → played.

Для неправильных глаголов используем форму второго столбца (V2): go → went, see → saw.

Указывайте точное время действия: yesterday, last week, in 2019, two days ago.

Story

A Day at the Beach

Last Saturday, Anna and her friends went to the beach. They woke up early and prepared sandwiches and drinks. The sun was shining, and the weather was perfect. Anna played volleyball with her friends, and Peter swam in the sea. They built a sandcastle and took many photos. In the afternoon, they had ice cream and relaxed on the sand. Anna did not forget to put on sunscreen, but Peter forgot and got sunburned. They returned home in the evening, tired but happy. Everyone enjoyed the day and decided to go again next weekend.

Useful Words and Expressions

Beach – пляж

Friend – друг

To go – идти, ехать

To wake up – просыпаться

To prepare – готовить

Sandwich – бутерброд

Drink – напиток

Sun – солнце

Weather – погода

To play – играть

Volleyball – волейбол

To swim – плавать

Sea – море

To build – строить

Sandcastle – песочный замок

Photo – фотография

Ice cream – мороженое

To relax – отдыхать

To forget – забывать

To enjoy – наслаждаться

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Anna and her friends ______ (go) to the beach last Saturday.

They ______ (build) a sandcastle.

Peter ______ (forget) to put on sunscreen.

They ______ (return) home in the evening.

Everyone ______ (enjoy) the day.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ a sandwich yesterday.

a) eat

b) ate

c) eaten

We ______ not swim in the sea.

a) did

b) did

c) did not

______ they go to the beach last weekend?

a) Did

b) Do

c) Does

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

When did Anna and her friends go to the beach?

What activities did they do at the beach?

Who forgot to put on sunscreen?

How did they feel at the end of the day?

What did they decide for next weekend?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

went

built

forgot

returned

enjoyed

Exercise 2:

b) ate

c) did not

a) Did

Exercise 3:

They went to the beach last Saturday.

They played volleyball, swam in the sea, built a sandcastle, and relaxed.

Peter forgot to put on sunscreen.

They felt tired but happy at the end of the day.

They decided to go to the beach again next weekend.

Mini Tips

Запоминайте неправильные глаголы для Past Simple.

Используйте указатели времени: yesterday, last week, two days ago.

Практикуйтесь, рассказывая прошлые события: «I watched a movie yesterday», «I went to the park last weekend».

Grammar Focus

Past Continuous используется для описания:

Действий, происходивших в определённый момент в прошлом.

Одновременных действий в прошлом.

Действий в прошлом, которые прерывались другим событием.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + was/were + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + was/were + not + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Was/Were + subject + V-ing?

Примеры:

I was reading a book at 8 p.m. – Я читал книгу в 8 вечера.

They were not watching TV when I called. – Они не смотрели телевизор, когда я позвонил.

Was she playing football at 5 p.m.? – Она играла в футбол в 5 вечера?

Советы:

Используйте для фона событий в прошлом.

Was – для I, he, she, it; Were – для you, we, they.

Часто используется с Past Simple для прерывающих действий: «I was reading when the phone rang.»

Story

A Rainy Afternoon

Yesterday afternoon, it was raining heavily. Anna was reading a book in her room while her brother Peter was drawing pictures at the table. Their parents were cooking lunch in the kitchen. Outside, the dog was running and barking in the garden. At 3 p.m., the electricity went out, and the lights were not working. Anna was listening to music on her headphones, but Peter was not happy because he could not see the colors clearly. Their parents were talking about the weekend plans. Despite the rain, everyone was enjoying the afternoon in their own way.

Useful Words and Expressions

Yesterday – вчера

Afternoon – после полудня

To rain – идти (о дожде)

Heavily – сильно

To read – читать

Book – книга

Brother – брат

To draw – рисовать

Picture – рисунок

Table – стол

Parents – родители

To cook – готовить

Lunch – обед

Dog – собака

Garden – сад

To run – бегать

To bark – лаять

To listen – слушать

Music – музыка

Electricity – электричество

Exercises