Origin of Cultivated Plants
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Steven, Verseichniss d. Taur. Halb. Pflan., p. 313.
745
Tchihatcheff, trans. of Grisebach’s Végétation du Globe, i. 424.
746
Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 19.
747
Bertoloni, Flora Ital., x. p. 179; Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., i. p. 220; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., i. p. 250.
748
Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, ed. 2, p. 487.
749
Humboldt, in Kunth, Nova Genera, i. p. 297.
750
Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 582.
751
Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 739; H. Hoffmann, in Regel’s Gartenflora, 1875, p. 70.
752
K. Ritter, Ueber die Geographische Verbreitung des Zuckerrohrs, in 4to, 108 pages (according to Pritzel, Thes. Lit. Bot.); Die Cultur des Zuckerrohrs, Saccharum, in Asien, Geogr. Verbreitung, etc., etc., in 8vo, 64 pages, without date. This monograph is full of learning and judgment, worthy of the best epoch of German science, when English or French authors were quoted by all authors with as much care as Germans.
753
Kunth, Enum. Plant. (1838), vol. i. p. 474. There is no more recent descriptive work on the family of the Gramineæ, nor the genus Saccharum.
754
Miquel, Floræ Indiæ Batavæ, 1855, vol. iii. p. 511.
755
Aitchison, Catalogue of Punjab and Sindh Plants, 1869, p. 173.
756
Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyloniæ.
757
Crawfurd, Indian Archip., i. p. 475.
758
Forster, De Plantis Esculentis.
759
Vieillard, Annales des Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xvi. p. 32.
760
Loureiro, Cochin-Ch., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 66.
761
Forskal, Fl. Ægypto-Arabica, p. 103.
762
Macfadyen, On the Botanical Characters of the Sugar-Cane, in Hooker’s Bot. Miscell., i. p. 101; Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 50.
763
Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. p. 186.
764
Hehn, No. 480.
765
Schacht, Madeira und Teneriffe, tab. i.
766
Tussac, Flore des Antilles, i. p. 153, pl. 23.
767
Piddington, Index.
768
Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., pp. 45-47.
769
See the quotations from Strabo, Dioscorides, Pliny, etc., in Lenz, Botanik der Alten Griechen und Römer, 1859, p. 267; Fingerhut, in Flora, 1839, vol. ii. p. 529; and many other authors.
770
Rosenmüller, Handbuch der Bibl. Alterth.
771
Calendrier Rural de Harib, written in the tenth century for Spain, translated by Dureau de la Malle in his Climatologie de l’Italie et de l’Andalousie, p. 71.
772
Von Buch, Canar. Ins.
773
Piso, Brésil, p. 49.
774
Humboldt, Nouv. Espagne, ed. 2, vol. iii. p. 34.
775
Not. Stat. sur les Col. Franc., i. pp. 207, 29, 83.
776
Macfadyen, in Hooker, Bot. Miscell., i. p. 101; Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 50.
777
ii. p. 3.
778
ii. tab. 3.
779
Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guin., tab. 119, 120.
780
Thunberg, Diss., ii. p. 326; De Candolle, Prodr., iii. p. 262; Hooker, Bot. Mag., tab. 2749; Hasskarl, Cat. Hort. Bogor. Alt., p. 261.
781
Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 194.
782
Alph. de Candolle, in Prodromus, vol. xvi., sect. 1, p. 29; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1152; Hohenacker, Enum. Plant. Talysch, p. 30; Buhse Aufzählung Transcaucasien, p. 202.
783
An erroneous transcription of what Asa Gray (Botany of North. United States, edit. 5) says of the hemp, wrongly attributed to the hop in Prodromus, and repeated in the French edition of this work, should be corrected. Humulus Lupulus is indigenous in the east of the United States, and also in the island of Yeso, according to a letter from Maximowicz. – Author’s Note, 1884.
784
Hehn, Nutzpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihren Uebergang aus Asien, edit. 3, p. 415.
785
Pliny, Hist., bk. 21, c. 15. He mentions asparagus in this connection, and the young shoots of the hop are sometimes eaten in this manner.
786
Tacitus, Germania, cap. 25; Pliny, bk. 18, c. 7; Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, edit. 3, pp. 125-137.
787
Volz, Beitrage zur Culturgeschichte, p. 149.
788
Ibid.
789
Beckmann, Erfindungen, quoted by Volz.
790
Piddington, Index; Fick, Wörterb. Indo-Germ. Sprachen, i.; Ursprache.
791
A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 857.
792
Dict. MS., compiled from floras, Moritzi.
793
Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 47.
794
Schweinfurth, in a letter to M. Boissier, 1882.
795
Piddington, Index.
796
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 15.
797
See Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 108.
798
Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 73; Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., ii. pp. 196, 293; i. p. 18.
799
See Gasparin, Cours d’Agric., iv. p. 217.
800
Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 710; Oliver, Flora of Trop. Afr., iii. p. 439.
801
Clarke, Compositæ Indicæ, 1876, p. 244.
802
Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 283.
803
Rohlfs, Kufra, in 8vo, 1881.
804
Ebn Baithar, ii. p. 196.
805
Pliny, bk. xxi. c. 6.
806
Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 372.
807
Index, p. 25.
808
According to Forskal, Delile, Reynier, Schweinfurth, and Ascherson.
809
Theophrastus, Hist., 1. 6, c. 6.
810
J. Bauhin, Hist., ii. p. 637.
811
Royle, Ill. Himal.
812
Sibthorp, Prodr.; Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 292.
813
J. Gay, quoted by Babington, Man. Brit. Fl.
814
Maw, in the Gardener’s Chron., 1881, vol. xvi.
815
Jacquemont, Voyage, vol. iii. p. 238.
816
The word fruit is here employed in the vulgar sense, for any fleshy part which enlarges after the flowering. In the strictly botanical sense, the Anonaceæ, strawberries, cashews, pine-apples, and breadfruit are not fruits.
817
A. squamosa is figured in Descourtilz, Flore des Antilles, ii. pl. 83; Hooker’s Bot. Mag., 3095; and Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. pl. 4.
818
A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 859.
819
Aug. de Saint-Hilaire, Plantes usuelles des Brésiliens, bk. vi. p. 5.
820
Alph. de Candolle, Mem. Soc. Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genève.
821
Ibid., p. 19 of Mem. printed separately.
822
See Botany of Congo, and the German translation of Brown’s works, which has alphabetical tables.
823
Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 60.
824
Webb, in Fl. Nigr., p. 97.
825
Ibid., p. 204.
826
Thonning, Pl. Guin.
827
Brown, Congo, p. 6.
828
Guillemin, Perrottet, and Richard, Tentamen Fl. Seneg.
829
Sloane, Jam., ii. p. 168.
830
P. Brown, Jam., p. 257.
831
Macfadyen, Fl. Jam., p. 9.
832
Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.
833
Splitgerber, Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., ii. p. 230.
834
A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., chap. x.
835
Rumphius, i. p. 139.
836
Forster, Plantæ Esculentæ.
837
Rheede, Malabar, iii. p. 22.
838
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 427.
839
Blanco, Fl. Filip.
840
This depends upon the opinion formed with respect to A. glabra, Forskal (A. Asiatica, B. Dun. Anon., p. 71; A. Forskalii, D. C. Syst., i. p. 472), which was sometimes cultivated in gardens in Egypt when Forskal visited that country; it was called keschta, that is, coagulated milk. The rarity of its cultivation and the silence of ancient authors shows that it was of modern introduction into Egypt. Ebn Baithar (Sondtheimer’s German translation, in 2 vols., 1840), an Arabian physician of the thirteenth century, mentions no Anonacea, nor the name keschta. I do not see that Forskal’s description and illustration (Descr., p. 102. ic. tab. 15) differ from A. squamosa. Coquebert’s specimen, mentioned in the Systema, agrees with Forskal’s plate; but as it is in flower while the plate shows the fruit, its identity cannot be proved.
841
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, v. ii. p. 657.
842
Piddington, Index, p. 6.
843
Royle, Ill. Him., p. 60.
844
Rheede and Rumphius, i. p. 139.
845
Hernandez, pp. 348, 454.
846
Dunal, Mem. Anon., p. 70.
847
Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.
848
Hence the generic name Anona, which Linnæus changed to Annona (provision), because he did not wish to have any savage name, and did not mind a pun.
849
Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.
850
Marcgraf, Brazil, p. 94.
851
See Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 3. The identity admitted by Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 16, of the Anona palustris of America with that of Senegambia, appears to me very extraordinary, although it is a species which grows in marshes; that is, having perhaps a very wide area.
852
Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 78; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, i. part 2, p. 33; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burm., i. p. 46; Stewart and Brandis, Forests of India, p. 6.
853
Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. I. Isles, p. 5.
854
Eggers, Flora of St. Croix and Virgin Isles, p. 23.
855
Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granatensis, p. 29; Sagot, Journ. Soc. d’Hortic., 1872.
856
Warming, Symbolæ ad. Fl. Bras., xvi. p. 434.
857
Figured in Descourtilz, Fl. Med. des. Antilles, ii. pl. 87, and in Tussac, Fl. des Antilles, ii. p. 24.
858
Richard, Plantes Vasculaires de Cuba, p. 29; Swartz, Obs., p. 221; P. Brown, Jamaica, p. 255; Macfadyen, Fl. of Jam., p. 7; Eggers, Fl. of St. Croix, p. 23; Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. I., p. 4.
859
Martius, Fl. Brasil, fasc. ii. p. 4; Splitgerber, Pl. de Surinam, in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., i. p. 226.
860
Richard, Macfadyen, Grisebach, Eggers, Swartz, Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 233.
861
Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 75.
862
Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 29.
863
Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 15.
864
Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 78.
865
De Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 863.
866
Feuillée, Obs., iii. p. 23, t. 17.
867
Macfadyen, Fl. Jam., p. 10.
868
Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. iii. p. 15.
869
Hooker, Fl. Nigr., p. 205.
870
Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xix. suppl. 1.
871
Richard, Plant. Vasc. de Cuba; Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is.; Hemsley, Biologia Centr. Am., p. 118; Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Nova Gen., v. p. 57; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 28.
872
Gay, Flora Chil., i. p. 66.
873
Molina, French trans.
874
Gallesio, Traité du Citrus, in 8vo, Paris, 1811; Risso and Poiteau, Histoire Naturelle des Orangers, 1818, in folio, 109 plates.
875
Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 515.
876
Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 50.
877
For a work of this nature, the first step would be to publish good figures of wild species, showing particularly the fruit, which is not seen in herbaria. It would then be seen which forms represented in the plates of Risso, Duhamel, and others, are nearest to the wild types.
878
Bretschneider, On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, p. 55.
879
Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes, Fr. trans. 1598, p. 187.
880
Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832 iii. p. 393.
881
Rumphius, Hortus Ambeinensis, ii. p. 98.
882
Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 526.
883
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc.
884
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 572. For another species of the genus, he says that it is cultivated and non-cultivated, p. 569.
885
Forster, De Plantis Esculentis Oceani Australis, p. 35.
886
Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 33.
887
Plukenet, Almagestes, p. 239; Sloane, Jamaica, i. p. 41.
888
Cedrat à gros fruit of Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vii. p. 68, pl. 22.
889
Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 129; Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 52; Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 514.
890
Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., p. 129.
891
Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 528.
892
Theophrastus, l. 4, c. 4.
893
Bodæus, in Theophrastus, edit. 1644, pp. 322, 343; Risso, Traité du Citrus, p. 198; Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 196.
894
Dioscorides, i. p. 166.
895
Targioni, Cenni Storici.
896
Targioni, p. 217.
897
Gallesio, Traité du Citrus, pp. 32, 67, 355, 357.
898
Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 129.
899
Quoted in Grisebach’s Veget. Karaiben, p. 34.
900
Ernst, in Seemann, Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 272.
901
Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 392; Piddington, Index.
902
Gallesio, p. 122.
903
In the modern languages of India the Sanskrit name has been applied to the sweet orange, so says Brandis, by one of those transpositions which are so common in popular language.
904
Gallesio, pp. 122, 247, 248.
905
Gallesio, p. 240. Goeze, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse, 1874, p. 13, quotes early Portuguese travellers on this head.
906
Wallich, Catalogue, No. 6384.
907
Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 515.
908
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 571.
909
Royle, Illustr. of Himal., p. 129. He quotes Turner, Journey to Thibet, pp. 20, 387.
910
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 569.
911
Gallesio, p. 321.
912
The date of this statuto is given by Targioni, on p. 205 of the Cenni Storici, as 1379, and on p. 213 as 1309. The errata do not notice this discrepancy.
913
Goeze, Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse. Hamburg, 1874, p. 26.
914
Rumphius, Amboin., ii. c. 42.
915
Forster, Plantis Esculentis, p. 35.
916
Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 11.
917
Rumphius, Amboin., ii. pls. 34, 35, where, however, the form of the fruit is not that of our mandarin.
918
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 570.
919
Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Bur.
920
Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 133, and Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 618.
921
Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 134.
922
Rumphius, Amboin., i. p. 133; Miquel, Plantæ Junghun., i. p. 290; Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 506.
923
Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 260.
924
Ernst in Seemann, Journal of Botany, 1867, p. 273; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 285.
925
Sloane, Jamaica, i. p. 123; Jacquin, Amer., p. 268; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Isles, p. 118.
926
A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 768.
927
Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 343.
928
Jacquin, Observationes, iii. p. 11.
929
Marcgraf, Hist. Plant., p. 32, with illustrations.
930
Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 265, under the name abelmoschus.
931
Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 86. The description is in Ebn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s trans., i. p. 118.
932
Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 50.
933
Grisebach, Végét. du Globe, French trans. by Tchihatcheff, i. pp. 162, 163, 442; Munby, Catal. Alger; Ball, Fl. Maroc. Spicel, p. 392.
934
Adolphe Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ. edit. 2, vol. 1, p. 295. quotes several travellers for these regions, among others Wood’s Journey to the Sources of the Oxus.
935
These are figured in Heer’s Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 24, fig. 11.
936
Ragazzoni, Rivista Arch. della Prov. di Como, 1880, fasc. 17, p. 30.
937
Heer, ibid.
938
Planchon, Étude sur les Tufs de Montpellier, 1864, p. 63.
939
De Saporta, La Flore des Tufs Quaternaires de Provence, 1867, pp. 15, 27.
940
Kolenati, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 1846, p. 279.
941
Regel, Acta Horti Imp. Petrop., 1873. In this short review of the genus, M. Regel gives it as his opinion that Vitis vinifera is a hybrid between two wild species, V. vulpina and V. labrusca, modified by cultivation; but he gives no proof, and his characters of the two wild species are altogether unsatisfactory. It is much to be desired that the wild and cultivated vines of Europe and Asia should be compared with regard to their seeds, which furnish excellent distinctions, according to Englemann’s observations on the American vines.
942
Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Eur., 2nd edit., vol. i. pp. 298-321.
943
M. Delchevalerie, in l’Illustration Horticole, 1881, p. 28. He mentions in particular the tomb of Phtah-Hotep, who lived at Memphis 4000 B.C.