Origin of Cultivated Plants
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1142
Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 374.
1143
P. sinensis described by Lindley is badly drawn with regard to the indentation of the leaves in the plate in the Botanical Register, and very well in that of Decaisne’s Jardin Fruitier du Muséum. It is the same species as P. ussuriensis, Maximowicz, of Eastern Asia.
1144
Well drawn in Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vi. pl. 59; and in Decaisne, Jard. Frui. du Mus., pl. 1, figs. B and C. P. balansæ, pl. 6 of the same work, appears to be identical, as Boissier observes.
1145
This is the case in the forests of Lorraine, for instance, according to the observations of Godron, De l’Origine Probable des Poiriers Cultivés, 8vo pamphlet, 1873, p. 6.
1146
Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth.; Löw, Aramaeische Pflanzennamen, 1881.
1147
The spelling Pyrus, adopted by Linnæus, occurs in Pliny, Historia, edit. 1631, p. 301. Some botanists, purists in spelling, write pirus, so that in referring to a modern work it is necessary to look in the index for both forms, or run the risk of believing that the pears are not in the work. In any case the ancient name was a common name; but the true botanical name is that of Linnæus, founder of the received nomenclature, and Linnæus wrote Pyrus.
1148
Comes, Ill. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani, p. 59.
1149
Heer, Pfahlbauten, pp. 24, 26, fig. 7.
1150
Sordelli, Notizie Stat. Lacustre di Lagozza.
1151
Nemnich, Polyglott. Lex. Naturgesch.; Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., i. p. 277; and my manuscript dictionary of common names.
1152
From a list of plant-names sent by M. d’Abadie to Professor Clos, of Toulouse.
1153
Godron, ubi supra, p. 28.
1154
Jacquin, Flora Austriaca, ii. pp. 4, 107.
1155
Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Poiriers, pl. 21.
1156
Decaisne, ibid., p. 18, and Introduction, p. 30. Several varieties of this species, of which a few bear a large fruit, are figured in the same work.
1157
Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 236.
1158
Palladius, De re Rustica, lib. 3, c. 25. For this purpose “pira sylvestria vel asperi generis” were used.
1159
The Chinese quince had been called by Thonin Pyrus sinensis. Lindley has unfortunately given the same name to a true pyrus.
1160
Decaisne (Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Poiriers, pl. 5) saw specimens from both countries. Franchet and Savatier give it as only cultivated in Japan.
1161
Nyman, Conspectus Floræ Europeæ, p. 240; Ledebour, Flora Rossica, ii. p. 96; Boissier, Flora Orientalis, ii. p. 656; Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus., x. p. 153.
1162
Boissier, ibid.
1163
Maximowicz, Prim. Ussur.; Regel, Opit. Flori, etc., on the plants of the Ussuri collected by Maak; Schmidt, Reisen Amur. Franchet and Savatier do not mention it in their Enum. Jap. Bretschneider quotes a Chinese name which, he says, applies also to other species.
1164
Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., i. p. 261.
1165
Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 236.
1166
Boissier, ubi supra.
1167
Orig. Indo-Eur., i. p. 276.
1168
Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, i. p. 64.
1169
Theophrastus, De Causis, lib. 6, cap. 24.
1170
Heer, Pfahlbauten, p. 24, figs. 1-7.
1171
Sordelli, Sulle Piante della Stazione di Lagozza, p. 35.
1172
Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 656; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 55.
1173
Steven, Verzeichniss Taurien, p. 150; Sibthorp, Prodr. Fl. Græcæ, i. p. 344.
1174
Boissier, ibid.
1175
Nemnich, Polyglott Lexicon.
1176
Nemnich, Poly. Lex.
1177
Ibid.
1178
Heldreich, Nutz. Griech., p. 64.
1179
In 4to, Napoli, 1879.
1180
De re Rustica, lib. 7, cap. 2.
1181
Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 737; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 581.
1182
Quoted from Royle, Illus. Himal., p. 208.
1183
Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 104.
1184
Munby, Fl. Alger., p. 49; Spicilegium Flora Maroccanæ, p. 458.
1185
Boissier, ibid.
1186
Bretschneider, On Study and Value, etc., p. 16.
1187
Piddington, Index.
1188
Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturge., i. p. 273; Hamilton, La Bot. de la Bible, Nice, 1871, p. 48.
1189
Hehn, Kultur und Hausthiere aus Asien, edit. 3, p. 106.
1190
Hehn, ibid.
1191
Lenz, Bot. der Alten Grie. und Röm., p. 681.
1192
Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 64.
1193
Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 79; Heldreich, ibid.
1194
Hehn, ibid.
1195
Pliny, lib. 13, c. 19.
1196
Dictionnaire Français-Berbère, published by the French Government.
1197
De Saporta, Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, April 5, 1869, pp. 767-769.
1198
Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 191.
1199
Descourtilz, Flore Médicale des Antilles, v. pl. 315.
1200
Miquel, Sumatra, p. 118; Flora Indiæ-Batavæ, i. p. 425; Blume, Museum Lugd. – Bat., i. p. 93.
1201
Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 474; Baker, Fl. of Maurit., etc., p. 115; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Isles, p. 235.
1202
Rumphius, Amboin, i. p. 121, t. 37.
1203
Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. p. 89, pl. 25.
1204
Forster, Plantis Esculentis, p. 36.
1205
Blume, Museum Lugd. – Bat., i. p. 91; Miquel, Fl. Indiæ-Batav., i. p. 411; Hooker, Flora of British India, ii. p. 472.
1206
Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Indies, p. 235; Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 115.
1207
Raddi, Di Alcune Specie di Pero Indiano, in 4to, Bologna, 1821, p. 1.
1208
Martius, Syst. Nat. Medicæ Bras., p. 32; Blume, Museum Lugd. – Bat., i. p. 71; Hasskarl, in Flora, 1844, p. 589; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p 468.
1209
Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 893.
1210
Lowe, Flora of Madeira, p. 266.
1211
See Blume, ibid.; Descourtilz, Flore Médicale des Antilles, ii. p. 20, in which there is a good illustration of the pyriform guava. Tussac, Flore des Antilles, gives a good plate of the round form. These two latter works furnish interesting details on the use of the guava, on the vegetation of the species, etc.
1212
Rumphius, Amboin, i. p. 141; Rheede, Hortus Malabariensis, iii. t. 34.
1213
Bojer, Hortus Mauritianus; Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 112.
1214
All the floras, and Berg in Flora Brasiliensis, vol. xiv. p. 196.
1215
Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 894.
1216
Acosta, Hist. Nat. et Morale des Indes Orient. et Occid., French trans., 1598, p. 175.
1217
Hernandez, Nova Hispaniæ Thesaurus, p. 85.
1218
Piso, Hist. Brasil., p. 74; Marcgraf, ibid., p. 105.
1219
The word gourd is also used in English for Cucurbita maxima. This is one of the examples of the confusion in common names and the greater accuracy of scientific terms.
1220
Naudin, Annales des Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 91; Cogniaux, in our Monog. Phanérog., iii. p. 417.
1221
Linnæus, Species Plantarum, p. 1434, under Cucurbita.
1222
A. P. de Candolle, Flora Française (1805), vol. iii. p. 692.
1223
Rheede, Malabar, iii. pls. 1, 5; Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 218.
1224
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 719.
1225
Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. p. 397, t. 144.
1226
Piddington, Index, at the word Cucurbita lagenaria; Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 3, vol. i. p. 386.
1227
Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 106.
1228
Bentham, Flora Australiensis, iii. p. 316.
1229
Described first under the name Lagenaria idolatrica. A. Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., i. p. 293, and later, Naudin and Cogniaux, recognized its identity with L. vulgaris.
1230
Torrey and Gray, Fl. of N. Amer., i. p. 543; Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 288.
1231
Bretschneider, letter of the 23rd of August, 1881.
1232
Tragus, Stirp., p. 285; Ruellius, De Natura Stirpium, p. 498; Naudin, ibid.
1233
Pliny, Hist. Plant., l. 19, c. 5.
1234
Ibn Alawâm, in E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. p. 60; Ibn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s translation.
1235
Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 59; Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 137.
1236
In 8vo, 1877, p. 17.
1237
Rauwolf, Fl. Orient., p. 125.
1238
Piso, Indiæ Utriusque., etc., edit. 1658, p. 264.
1239
Marcgraf, Hist. Nat. Brasiliæ, 1648, p. 44.
1240
Naudin, ibid.; Cogniaux, Flora Brasil., fasc. 78, p. 7; and de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 418.
1241
Cl. Gay, Flora Chilena, ii. p. 403.
1242
Jos. Acosta, French trans., p. 167.
1243
Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 861.
1244
Pickering, ibid.
1245
Ramusio, vol. iii. p. 112.
1246
P. Brown, Jamaica, edit. ii. p. 354.
1247
Elliott, Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia, ii. p. 663.
1248
Torrey and Gray, Flora of N. America, i. p. 544.
1249
Asa Gray, in the American Journal of Science, 1857, vol. xxiv. p. 442.
1250
Trumbull, in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. vi. p. 69.
1251
Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. vi. p. 5; vol. xii. p. 84.
1252
Ibid., 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 160; vol. xix. p. 180.
1253
As much as 200 lbs., according to the Bon Jardinier, 1850, p. 180.
1254
Hooker, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 555.
1255
Lobel, Icones, t. 641. The illustration is reproduced in Dalechamp’s Hist., i. p. 626.
1256
Clarke, Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 622.
1257
Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1881.
1258
The list is given by E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. p. 401. The Cucurbita of which he speaks must have been the gourd, Lagenaria.
1259
Piso, Brazil., edit. 1658, p. 264; Marcgraf, edit. 1648, p. 44.
1260
Harris, American Journal, 1857, vol. xxiv. p. 441; Trumbull, Bull. of Torrey Bot. Club, 1876, vol. vi. p. 69.
1261
Asa Gray, Botany of the Northern States, edit. 1868, p. 186.
1262
Darlington, Flora Cestrica, 1853, p. 94.
1263
Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 902.
1264
Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 3rd series, vol. vi. p. 9; Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 546.
1265
Asa Gray, Plantæ Lindheimerianæ, part ii. p. 198.
1266
Molina, Hist. Nat. du Chili, p. 377.
1267
Cogniaux, in Monogr. Phanér. and Flora Brasil., fasc. 78, p. 21.
1268
Cogniaux, Fl. Bras. and Monogr. Phanér., iii., p. 547.
1269
See the excellent plate in Wight’s Icones, t. 507, under the erroneous name of Cucurbita maxima.
1270
Cogniaux, in Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 547.
1271
Miquel, Sumatra, under the name Gymnopetalum, p. 332.
1272
Cogniaux, in Monogr. Phanér.
1273
Gardener’s Chronicle, articles signed “I. H. H.,” 1857, p. 153; 1858, p. 130.
1274
Cogniaux, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 485.
1275
Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 171.
1276
Hooker, in Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 546.
1277
Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 267.
1278
Schumacher and Thonning, Guineiske Planten., p. 426.
1279
Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., p. 483.
1280
Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 26, 1881.
1281
Piddington, Index.
1282
See the copy in Unger’s Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, fig. 25.
1283
Galen, De Alimentis, l. 2, c. 5.
1284
See all the Vergilian floras, and Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 111.
1285
Comes, Ill. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani, in 4to, p. 20, in the Museo Nation., vol. iii. pl. 4.
1286
Habitat in Apulia, Calabria, Sicilia (Linnæus, Species, edit. 1763, p. 1435).
1287
Seringe, in Prodromus, iii. p. 301.
1288
Naudin, Ann. sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 101; Sir J. Hooker, in Oliver, Flora of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 549.
1289
French trans., p. 56.
1290
Unger has copied the figures from Lepsius’ work in his memoir Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, figs. 30, 31, 32.
1291
Dictionnaire Français-Berber, at the word pastèque.
1292
Moris, Flora Sardoa.
1293
Piddington, Index.
1294
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 17.
1295
Heldreich, Pflanz. d. Attisch. Ebene., p. 591; Nutzpfl. Griechenl., p. 50.
1296
Langkavel, Bot. der Spät. Griechen.
1297
Forskal, Flora Ægypto-Arabica, part i. p. 34.
1298
Nemnich, Polyg. Lexic., i. p. 1309.
1299
Piddington, Index; Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 72.
1300
Heldreich, Nutzpfl., etc., p. 50.
1301
“Sativa planta et tractu temporis quasi nativa facta” (Piso, edit. 1658, p. 233).
1302
Naudin, in Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xi. p. 31.
1303
Wildenow, Species, iv. p. 615.
1304
Piddington, Index.
1305
Bot. Mag., pl. 6206.
1306
Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 499.
1307
Bretschneider, letters of Aug. 23 and 26, 1881.
1308
Theophrastus, Hist., lib. 7, cap. 4; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 492.
1309
Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griechen., p. 50.
1310
Nemnich, Polygl. Lex., i. p. 1306.
1311
Nemnich, ibid.
1312
Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 76.
1313
Rosenmüller, Biblische Alterth., i. p. 97; Hamilton, Bot. de la Bible, p. 34.
1314
Descourtilz, Fl. Méd. des Antilles, v. pl. 329; Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 5817; Cogniaux, in Fl. Brasil., fasc. 78, pl. 2.
1315
Browne, Jamaica, edit. 2, p. 353.
1316
Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. India Is., p. 288.
1317
Cogniaux, ubi supra.
1318
Guanerva-oba, in Piso, Brasil., edit. 1658, p. 264; Marcgraf, edit. 1648, p. 44, without illustration, calls it Cucumis sylvestris Brasiliæ.
1319
Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. ii. p. 12.
1320
Darlington, Agric. Bot., p. 58.
1321
Cucurbita Pepo of Loureiro and Roxburgh.
1322
Clarke, in Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 616.
1323
Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 513.
1324
Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 322; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap., i. p. 173.
1325
Hasskarl, Catal. Horti. Bogor. Alter., p. 190; Miquel, Flora Indo-Batav.
1326
Mueller, Fragm., vi. p. 186; Forster, Prodr. (no description); Seemann, Jour. of Bot., ii. p. 50.
1327
Nadeaud, Plan. Usu. des Taitiens, Enum. des Pl. Indig. à Taiti.
1328
Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 26, 1881.
1329
Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 121.
1330
Cogniaux, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 458.
1331
Rheede, Hort. Malab., viii. p. 15, t. 8; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 714, as L. clavata; Kurz, Contrib., ii. p. 100; Thwaites, Enum.
1332
Mueller, Fragmenta, iii. p. 107; Bentham, Fl. Austr., iii. p. 317, under names which Naudin and Cogniaux regard as synonyms of L. cylindrica.
1333
Hooker, in Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 530.
1334
Schweinfurth and Ascheron, Aufzählung, p. 268.
1335
Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 75.
1336
Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 122; Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 459.
1337
Linnæus, Species, p. 1436, as Cucumis acutangulus.
1338
Rheede, Hort. Malab., viii. p. 13, t. 7.
1339
Thwaites, Enum. Ceylan, p. 126; Kurz, Contrib., ii. p. 101; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 727.
1340
Rumphius, Amboin, v. p. 408, t. 149.
1341
Clarke, in Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 614.
1342
Bojer, Hort. Maurit.
1343
Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 268.
1344
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 17.
1345
Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 190.
1346
Rumphius, Amboin, v. pl. 148.
1347
Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. India Isl., p. 286.