Origin of Cultivated Plants
- -
- 100%
- +
944
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16.
945
Pliny, Hist., lib. 15, c. 14.
946
Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., ii. p. 665; Gussone, Syn. Fl. Sicul., ii. p. 276.
947
Willkomm and Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 480; Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant., i. p. 200; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 12; J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 633; Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin., p. 14; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap., i. p. 81.
948
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 11.
949
Zizyphus chinensis of some authors is the same species.
950
Brandis, Forest Flora of British India, p. 84.
951
Lenz, Botanik der Alten, p. 651.
952
Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 57.
953
Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 9.
954
Odyssey, bk. l, v. 84; Herodotos, l. 4, p. 177, trans. in Lenz, Bot. der Alt., p. 653.
955
Theophrastus, Hist., l. 4, c. 4, edit. 1644. The edition of 1613 does not contain the words which refer to this detail.
956
Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitr. zur Fl. Æthiop., p. 263.
957
See the article on the carob tree.
958
Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant., i. p. 200; Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 9; Ball, Spicilegium, Fl. Maroc., p. 301; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 481; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., ii. p. 664.
959
This name, which is little used, occurs in Bauhin, as Jujuba Indica.
960
Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 632; Brandis, Forest Fl., i. 87; Bentham, Fl. Austral., i. p. 412; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 13; Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., i. p. 379.
961
Received from Martius, No. 1070, from the Cabo frio.
962
Bouton, in Hooker’s Journ. of Bot.; Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 61; Brandis.
963
Kurz, Forest Flora of Burmah, i. p. 266.
964
Beddone, Forest Flora of India, i. pl. 149 (representing the wild fruit, which is smaller than that of the cultivated plant); Brandis.
965
Rheede, iv. pl. 141.
966
Piddington, Index.
967
Rumphius, Amboyna, ii. pl. 36.
968
Zizyphus abyssinicus, Hochst, seems to be a different species.
969
Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. p. 55 (where there is an excellent figure, pl. 13). He says that it is an East Indian species, thus aggravating Linnæus’ mistake, who believed it to be Asiatic and American.
970
Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 873
971
Piso and Marcgraf, Hist. rer. Natur. Brasil, 1648, p. 57.
972
Vide Piso and Marcgraf; Aublet, Guyane, p. 392; Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 106; Jacquin, Amér., p. 124; Macfadyen, Pl. Jamaic., p. 119; Greisbach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind., p. 176.
973
Ernst in Seemann, Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 273.
974
Rheede, Malabar, iii. pl. 54.
975
Rumphius, Herb. Amboin., i. pp. 177, 178.
976
Beddone, Flora Sylvatica, t. 163; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 20.
977
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 304.
978
Brown, Congo, pp. 12, 49.
979
Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., i. p. 443.
980
See plate 4510 of the Botanical Magazine.
981
Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 435; Piddington, Index.
982
Rumphius, Herb. Amboin., i. p. 95.
983
Blanco, Fl. Filip., p. 181.
984
Rumphius; Forskal, p. cvii.
985
Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Ceyl., p. 75; Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 126; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 13; Kurz, Forest Flora Brit. Burmah, i. p. 304.
986
Oliver, Flora of Trop. Afr., i. p. 442; Baker, Fl. of Maur. and Seych., p. 63.
987
Hughes, Barbados, p. 177.
988
Macfadyen, Fl. of Jam., p. 221; Sir J. Hooker, Speech at the Royal Institute.
989
Sagot, Jour. de la Soc. Centr. d’Agric. de France, 1872.
990
Forster, De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis, p. 33; Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 51; Nadaud, Enum. des Plantes de Taïti, p. 75.
991
There is a good coloured illustration in Tussac’s Fl. des Antilles, iii. pl. 28.
992
Boyer, Hortus Mauritianus, p. 81.
993
H. C. Watson, Compendium Cybele Brit., i. p. 160; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 44.
994
Lowe, Man. Fl. of Madeira, p. 246; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 224; Moris, Fl. Sardoa, ii. p. 17.
995
Boissier, Fl. Orient.
996
Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 64.
997
Gay; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 344; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japon., i. p. 129.
998
Perny, Propag. de la Foi, quoted in Decaisne’s Jardin Fruitier du Mus., p. 27. Gay does not give China.
999
Babington, Journ. of Linnæan Society, ii. p. 303; J. Gay.
1000
Asa Gray, Botany of the Northern States, edit. 1868, p. 156.
1001
Sir W. Hooker, Fl. Bor. Amer., i. p. 184.
1002
A. Gray, Bot. Calif., i. p. 176.
1003
J. Gay, in Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Fraisier, p. 30.
1004
Le Grand d’Aussy, Hist. de la Vie Privée des Français, i. pp. 233 and 3.
1005
Olivier de Serres, Théâtre d’Agric., p. 511; Gerard, from Phillips, Pomarium Britannicum, p. 334.
1006
Purdie, in Hooker’s London Journal of Botany, 1844, p. 515.
1007
Bojer, Hortus Mauritianus, p. 121.
1008
Bory Saint-Vincent, Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des. Sc. Nat., 1836, sem. ii. p. 109.
1009
Asa Gray, Manual of Botany of the Northern States, edit. 1868, p. 155; Botany of California, i. p. 177.
1010
Phillips, Romar. Brit., p. 335.
1011
Cl. Gay, Hist. Chili, Botanica, ii. p. 305.
1012
Ledebour. Fl. Ross., ii. p. 6; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 649.
1013
Ledebour, ibid.; Fries, Summa Scand., p. 46; Nyman, Conspec. Fl. Eur., p. 213; Boissier. ibid.; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 245.
1014
Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 8.
1015
As the cherries ripen after the season when birds migrate, they disperse the stones chiefly in the neighbourhood of the plantations.
1016
Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. India.
1017
Lowe, Manual of Madeira, p. 235.
1018
Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, edit. 3, p. 73.
1019
Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 281.
1020
Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 24, figs. 17, 18, and p. 26.
1021
In Perrin, Études Préhist. sur la Savoie, p. 22.
1022
Atte Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., vol. vi.
1023
For the numerous varieties which have common names in France, varying with the different provinces, see Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vol. v., in which are good coloured illustrations.
1024
Hohenacker, Plantæ Talysch., p. 128.
1025
Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 110.
1026
Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 6.
1027
Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel., p. 86.
1028
Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 649; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, Bot., p. 198.
1029
Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. India, ii, p. 313.
1030
Steven, Verzeichniss Halbinselm, etc., p. 147.
1031
Rehmann, Verhandl. Nat. Ver. Brunn, x. 1871.
1032
Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griech., p. 69; Pflanzen d’Attisch. Ebene., p. 477.
1033
Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., iii. p. 258.
1034
Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., v. p. 131.
1035
Lecoc and Lamotte, Catal. du Plat. Centr. de la France, p. 148.
1036
Theophrastes, Hist. Pl., lib. 3, c. 13; Pliny, lib. 15, c. 25, and others quoted in Lenz, Bot. der Alten Gr. and Röm., p. 710.
1037
Part of the description of Theophrastus shows a confusion with other trees. He says, for instance, that the nut is soft.
1038
Ad. Pictet quotes forms of the same name in Persian, Turkish, and Russian, and derives from the same source the French word guigne, now used for certain varieties of the cherry.
1039
Schouw, Die Erde, p. 44; Comes, Ill. delle Piante, etc., in 4to, p. 56.
1040
Sordelli, Piante della torbiera di Lagozza, p. 40.
1041
Caruel, Flora Toscana, p. 48.
1042
Hist., lib. 15, c. 13.
1043
Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., edit. 2, p. 228; Cosson and Germain, Flore des Environs de Paris, i. p. 165.
1044
Hudson, Fl. Anglic., 1778, p. 212, unites them under the name Prunus communis.
1045
Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 5; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 652; K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 94; Boissier and Bühse, Aufzähl Transcaucasien, p. 80.
1046
Dioscorides, p. 174.
1047
Bretschneider, On the Study, etc., p. 10.
1048
Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 69.
1049
Heldreich, Pflanzen Attischen Ebene.
1050
Steven, Verzeichniss Halbinseln, i. p. 172.
1051
Comes, Ill. Piante Pompeiane.
1052
Insititia = foreign. A curious name, since every plant is foreign to all countries but its own.
1053
Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 244; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., v. p. 135; Grisebach, Spicel. Fl. Rumel.,p. 85; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griech., p. 68.
1054
Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 651; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 5; Hohenacker, Pl. Talysch, p. 128.
1055
Dioscorides, p. 173; Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 69.
1056
Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 68.
1057
Ibid.
1058
Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 27, fig. 16, c.
1059
Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 165.
1060
Pliny, lib. 2, cap. 12.
1061
The Latin name has passed into modern Greek (prikokkia). The Spanish and French names, etc. (albaricoque, abricot), seem to be derived from arbor præcox, or præcocium, while the old French word armegne, and the Italian armenilli, etc., come from mailon armeniacon. See further details about the names of the species in my Géographie Botanique Raisonnée, p. 880.
1062
Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 3.
1063
Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 652.
1064
Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, Botanique, vol. i.
1065
K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 87.
1066
Nouv. Ann. des Voyages, Feb., 1839, p. 176.
1067
E. de Salle, Voyage, i. p. 140.
1068
Spach, Hist. des Végét. Phanér., i. p. 389.
1069
Boissier and Buhse, Aufzählung, etc., in 4to, 1860.
1070
Reynier, Économie des Égyptiens, p. 371.
1071
Munby, Catal. Fl. d’Algér., edit. 2, p. 49.
1072
Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitrage z. Fl. Æthiop., in 4to., 1867, p. 259.
1073
Royle, Ill. of Himalaya, p. 205; Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab and Sindh, p. 56; Sir Joseph Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 313; Brandis, Forest Flora of N. W. and Central India, 191.
1074
Westmael, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belgiq., viii., p. 219.
1075
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, v. ii. p. 501.
1076
Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., pp. 10, 49.
1077
Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, vol. viii., art. Abricotier.
1078
Dr. Bretschneider confirms this in a recent work, Notes on Botanical Questions, p. 3.
1079
Prunus armeniaca of Thunberg is P. mume of Siebold and Zuccharini. The apricot is not mentioned in the Enumeratio, etc., of Franchet and Savatier.
1080
Capus (Ann. Sc. Nat., sixth series, vol. xv. p. 206) found it wild in Turkestan at the height of four thousand to seven thousand feet, which weakens the hypothesis of a solely Chinese origin.
1081
Piddington, Index; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.; Forskal, Fl. Ægyp.; Delile Ill. Egypt.
1082
Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc.
1083
Bretschneider, Early European Researches, p. 149.
1084
Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 10; and Early Europ. Resear., p. 149.
1085
Brandis, Forest Flora; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., iii. p. 313.
1086
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 500; Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 204.
1087
Boissier, Fl. Orien., iii. p. 641.
1088
K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 80; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure Botanique, i. p. 108.
1089
Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3rd series, vol. xix. p. 108.
1090
Gussone, Synopsis Floræ Siculæ, i. p. 552; Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 67.
1091
Hiller, Hierophyton, i. p. 215; Rosenmüller, Handb. Bibl. Alterth., iv. p. 263.
1092
Theophrastus, Hist., lib. 1, c. 11, 18, etc.; Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 176.
1093
Schouw, Die Erde, etc.; Comes, Ill. Piante nei dipinti Pomp., p. 13.
1094
Pliny, Hist., lib. 16, c. 22.
1095
Moris, Flora Sardoa, ii. p. 5; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., ii. p. 243.
1096
Dictionnaire Français Berbère, 1844.
1097
Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 881.
1098
Theophrastus, Hist., iv. c. 4; Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 164; Pliny, Geneva edit., bk. 15, c. 13.
1099
Royle, Ill. Him., p. 204.
1100
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., 2nd. edit., ii. p. 500; Piddington, Index; Royle, ibid.
1101
Sir Joseph Hooker, Journ. of Bot., 1850, p. 54.
1102
Rose, the head of the French trade at Canton, collected these from Chinese manuscripts, and Noisette (Jard. Fruit., i. p. 76) has transcribed a part of his article. The facts are of the following nature. The Chinese believe the oval peaches, which are very red on one side, to be a symbol of a long life. In consequence of this ancient belief, peaches are used in all ornaments in painting and sculpture, and in congratulatory presents, etc. According to the work of Chin-noug-king, the peach Yu prevents death. If it is not eaten in time, it at least preserves the body from decay until the end of the world. The peach is always mentioned among the fruits of immortality, with which were entertained the hopes of Tsinchi-Hoang, Vouty, of the Hans and other emperors who pretended to immortality, etc.
1103
Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc., v. p. 121.
1104
Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond., iv. p. 512, tab. 19.
1105
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.
1106
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 386.
1107
Kæmpfer, Amœn., p. 798; Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 199. Kæmpfer and Thunberg also give the name momu, but Siebold (Fl. Jap., i. p. 29) attributes a somewhat similar name, mume, to a plum tree, Prunus mume, Sieb. and Z.
1108
Noisette, Jard. Fr., p. 77; Trans. Soc. Hort. Lond., iv. p. 513.
1109
Pallas, Fl. Rossica, p. 13.
1110
Shuft aloo is, according to Royle (Ill. Him. p. 204), the Persian name for the nectarine.
1111
Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 3. See p. 228, the subsequent opinion of Koch.
1112
Bosc, Dict. d’Agric., ix. p. 481.
1113
Thouin, Ann. Mus., viii. p. 433.
1114
Royle, Ill. Him., p. 204.
1115
Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin., p. 23.
1116
Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 199.
1117
Thunberg, Fl. Jap., 199.
1118
The accounts about China which I have consulted do not mention the nectarine; but as it exists in Japan, it is extremely probable that it does also in China.
1119
Noisette, Jard. Fr., p. 77; Trans. Hort. Soc., iv. p. 512, tab. 19.
1120
Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc., v. p. 122.
1121
J. Bauhin, Hist., i. pp. 162, 163.
1122
Dalechamp, Hist., i. p. 295.
1123
Pliny, lib. xv. cap. 12 and 13.
1124
Pliny, De Div. Gen. Malorum, lib. ii. cap. 14.
1125
Dalechamp, Hist., i. p. 358.
1126
Dalechamp, ibid.; Matthioli, p. 122; Cæsalpinus, p. 107; J. Bauhin, p. 163, etc.
1127
Pliny, lib. xvii. cap. 10.
1128
I have not been able to discover an Italian name for a glabrous or other fruit derived from tuber, or tuberes, which is singular, as the ancient names of fruits are usually preserved under some form or other.
1129
Braddick, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond., ii. p. 205.
1130
Ibid., pl. 13.
1131
Bertero, Annales Sc. Nat., xxi. p. 350.
1132
Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 10.
1133
Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 313.
1134
Brandis, Forest Flora, etc., p. 191.
1135
Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 640.
1136
K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 83.
1137
Decaisne, Jard. Fr. du Mus., Pêchers, p. 42.
1138
Comes, Illus. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani, p. 14.
1139
Darwin, Variation of Plants and Animals, etc., i. p. 338.
1140
Decaisne, ubi supra, p. 2.
1141
Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 94; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 653. He has verified several specimens.