Английский язык в профессиональной деятельности. Нефть и газ. Практикум по грамматике
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6. Use The Present Continuous Tense (or The Present Simple). Identify the function.*
1. The pressure in the line __________ (rise) steadily. We need to reduce the flow. 2. The temperature of the wellhead __________ (drop) as we increase the cooling rate. 3. This month, we __________ (run) extra safety drills because of the new regulations. 4. The inspector ______ (come) tomorrow to check the storage tanks. 5. We _____ (start) the maintenance shutdown next Monday. 6. Normally, Alex works on the north platform, but this week he __________ (help) the drilling crew. 7. Usually, the lab does weekly tests, but right now they __________ (analyze) an urgent sample. 8. Listen! The pump __________ (vibrate) unusually loudly. Lenny should check it. 9. The contractor _______ (arrive) at 3 p.m. to inspect the valve. 10. Right now, the control room operator __________ (monitor) the pressure in pipeline 3. 11. Be careful: the team __________ (clean) the spill zone, the floor is slippery. 12. Oil prices __________ (go up) again, so the project economics looks better.
7. Use a proper Conjunction (until / not until). Pay attention to The Inversion.*
Example: The crew will not start the pump until the pressure readings are verified. — Not until the pressure readings are verified will the crew start the pump.
1. We cannot release the valve _____ all personnel confirm they are clear. 2. The rig will remain offline _____ the safety inspection is completed. 3. _______ the safety inspection is completed will the rig be brought back online! 4. Maintenance will not proceed ________ the lockout-tagout procedure is fully documented. 5. _______ the lockout-tagout procedure is fully documented, will maintenance be allowed to proceed! 6. No new drilling phase will begin ____ the geological report is approved. 7. ________ the geological report is approved will any new drilling phase be authorized.
7.1 Read and translate. Explain the use of The Inversion. Write the numbers of the sentences where it is used.
1. Only after they had finished welding, did they go into the cabin.
2. Such a cold day was it that they had to get the dogs to stay in the main building.
3. Carlos had no idea that the team were looking for him.
4. On no account will Sue let them miss the briefing.
5. Not till the last wire had been examined could they have some rest.
6. Never had Stieve had such a terrifying experience.
7. Little did he know what his decision would lead to.
8. It was such a nice day that he went out without wearing warm clothes.
9. On no account would Jack have let this happen if he had predicted the consequences!
10. Under no circumstances were they granted access to the premises.
8. Explain the use of The Conjunctions (until / lest). Pay attention to The Category of Mood.*
Example 1: The technician tightened the coupling bolts thoroughly, lest a vibration-induced leak develop during operation. Союз lest используется как часть конструкции с сослагательным наклонением, подчеркивая значение нежелательности результатов действия. Является частью придаточного цели, часто выделяется запятой.
Example 2: No technician will be allowed to access the unit until the isolation procedure is confirmed by the shift supervisor. — Союз until используется как часть придаточного времени (идет вслед за главным), поэтому запятой не выделяется.
Vocabulary:
isolation procedure — процедура отключения
coupling bolts — болты соединения
weld seam — сварной шов
sump — сборник
pressure spikes — скачки давления
lube oil flow — подача смазочного масла
bypass valve — обводной клапан
bearing seizure — заклинивание подшипников
flushing procedure — процедура промывки
isolation tags — бирки отключения (LOTO)
compartment — отсек
pressure leak — утечка под давлением
gasket — прокладка, уплотнитель
gas detector — газанализатор
flange joint — фланцевое соединение (с кольцами под болты)
1. They inspected the weld seam again, lest any micro-crack be overlooked before the hydrotest. 2. The operator kept the emergency drain open, lest the sump overflow under sudden pressure spikes. 3. The maintenance team will not restart the compressor until the oil pressure reaches the nominal value. We will keep the bypass valve closed until the pressure test is completed. 4. Before starting the turbine, the engineer double-checked the lube oil flow, lest bearing seizure occur due to insufficient lubrication. 5. No personnel will be allowed in the work zone until the gas detector confirms safe levels. 6. Until the seal replacement is verified by the supervisor, the pump will remain offline. 7. Until the line pressure is confirmed stable, the crew will not start the flushing procedure. 8. The engineer inspected the gasket again, lest a seal failure happen under thermal stress.
8.1 Use constructions with the conjunction «lest» instead of the given sentences.
1. The technician replaced the old gasket with a new one to prevent leaks. 2. Before reassembling the flange joint, inspect the gasket surface for cracks or deformation. 3. The operator double-checked the pressure relief valve settings to prevent an overpressure event during the startup sequence. 4. The supervisor ordered a double verification of the isolation tags to avoid the unit re-energizing during maintenance. 5. They kept the emergency vent line open not to enable vapour accumulation. 6. We should not allow vapour accumulation as it creates a hazardous atmosphere in the compartment. 7. We tightened the bolts to prevent vibration. 8. Ensure all isolation tags are signed and dated by the responsible supervisor; otherwise, the tags are considered invalid. 9. All flanges must be torqued to the specified value; otherwise, a pressure leak may occur. 10. Verify that the bypass valve is closed before the pressure test; otherwise, the test results will be invalid. 11. The gasket must be replaced with a new one of the specified material to ensure a pressure-tight seal. 12. Disassembly of the flange joint shall be performed only after isolation and depressurization to avoid injury, release of hazardous media, or unexpected movement of components. 13. All flange joints in the high-pressure section shall be torqued according to the table in Appendix B to avoid a pressure leak under operating conditions.
8.2 Use one of the Conjunctions (otherwise, providing that, in case). In some cases they are interchangeable. Explain the meaning.
Example: consequence, test invalid, contingency, failure possible, condition, access granted.
1. The technician replaced the old gasket with a new one; ________, a pressure leak might occur during the hydrotest. 2. Ensure the bypass valve is closed before the pressure test; _______, the test results will be invalid. 3. Temporary bypass operation is permitted, ______ that continuous monitoring is maintained and a written waiver is filed. 4. Have a spare gasket ready ______ the existing one shows signs of deformation during disassembly. 5. All flanges must be torqued to the specified value; ______, uneven loading may deform the gasket and compromise the seal. 6. Maintain the flare system on standby _____ of an unplanned pressure release. 7. Verify that the isolation tags are signed and dated; _______, the work cannot be authorized. 8. Provide a secondary pressure gauge ______ the primary instrument fails during the test. 9. Access is granted, ______ that the tag is properly signed and dated. 10. Keep a repair kit nearby _______ a leak develops. 11. Keep the relief valve accessible _____ pressure spikes unexpectedly.
9. Use a proper Conjunction (until, unless, lest, not until).*
1. The rig crew will not begin tripping pipe ______ the well control checklist is signed by the drilling supervisor. 2. We cannot authorize the night shift overtime ______ HR confirms the staffing waiver. 3. The technician tightened the flange bolts twice ______ a pressure leak develop during the hydrotest. 4. ______ the lab results confirm the corrosion rate is below the threshold, no permanent repair will be approved. 5. The flare system will remain on standby ______ the gas flow stabilizes and the analyzer shows safe levels. 6. We will not remove the lockout-tagout devices ______ every authorized person has been notified, and the area is declared clear. 7. The crew will remain on standby ______ the spill response team confirms the containment is secure. 8. We cannot authorize any overtime, ______ the site manager approves the request in writing. 9. _______ the site manager approves the request in writing can we authorize any overtime! 10. ______ the safety audit is completed, no new drilling phase will be started! 11. We will not release the pressure, ______ all personnel are at a safe distance! 12. The contractor was told to delay the cement job ______ the formation data is revalidated.
10. Find the equivalent to the words given. Write down your answers.
1. Velocity ____ a. Surrounding area 2. Viscosity ____ b. Relationship between mass and size 3. Affinity _____ c. Thickness of liquid 4. Density ____ d. Similarity 5. Vicinity _____ e. Speed11. Match.*
1. HSE _____ a. Personal Protective Equipment (средства индивидуальной защиты)
2. LOTO _____ b. Key Performance Indicator (ключевой показатель эффективности)
3. PPE _____ c. Health, Safety, and Environment (охрана труда, безопасность и экология)
4. KPI _____ d. Lockout/Tagout (блокировка и маркировка)
5. SDS ______ e. Safety Data Sheet (паспорт безопасности вещества)
12. Read the lines. Choose one option to meet your professional context.
1. husky _______ a. буровик; б. грубиян; в. порода собак.
2. alligator ______ а. разводной ключ; б. животное; в. песня.
3. wild cat ______ а. дикая кошка; б. плохой характер; в. разведочная скважина.
4. Christmas Tree ______ а. арматура устья скважины; б. елка; в. пальма.
5. pig _____ а. свинка; б. скребок; в. еда.
6. dogleg ______ а. дорога с поворотом; б. лестница с поворотом; в. труба с изгибом.
7. hulk _____ а. нефтеналивная баржа; б. комикс; в. самолет.
8. dog house _____ а. будка; б. бытовка; в. передряга.
9. a go-devil ____ а. скребок; б. тягач; в. баржа.
P.S. Write Geographical Names
Russian Noun. English Noun. English Adjective. Nationality.
Бали
Хорватия
Черногория
Афины
Албания
Сербия
Испания
Португалия
Бразилия
Венесуэла
Перу
Кипр
P.P.S. Match these places to the countries.
Бар, Подгорица, Загреб, Пирей, Риека, Тирана, Дуррес, Альхесирас, Барселона, Валенсия, Лиссабон, Рио-де-Жанейро, Сантус, Каракас, Ла-Гуайра, Лима, Кальяо, Никосия, Лимасол, Ларнака, Фамагуста, Денпасар, Беноа, Джакарта, Танджунг-Приок.
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ISSUE III
1. Find the Russian equivalent.
1. paraffin _____ a. пропан
2. benzene ______ b. расклинивающий наполнитель
3. sodium ______ c. керосин
4. propane ______ d. магний
5. mercury ______ e. ртуть
6. proppant ______ f. натрий
7. magnesium _____ g. сера
8. sulfur _______ h. бензин
9. nitrogen _______ i. кремний
10. silica _______ j. диоксид кремния
11. petrol _______ k. азот
12. silicon _______ l. бензол
2.Read the definitions and choose the correct word out of two in bold.
1. A wildcatter is a prospector who drills wells in areas not known / well known to be productive.
2. A numbness is a lack of sensitivity / oversensitivity in the parts of body.
3. Sour gas is a type of gas which contains a significant amount of hydrogen sulfide / carbon dioxide.
4. Vermiculture is a process that uses worms / chemicals to break down organic waste and turn it into a fertilizer.
5. A utility pig is used to remove debris / air and clean a pipeline / a well collar.
6. Shut-in period is the time in which gas pressure accumulates / condenses within a well to help cycle and operate a plunger.
7. A touchdown point is a destination / starting point of the pipe of the seafloor.
8. Brine is water full of salt / fish.
3. Read and choose one of two words in bold. Convey the ideas of the text briefly, write the annotation in your native language (10—15 sentences) [16].
Explore 12 Types of Gas: A Comprehensive Guide.
Gas is a fundamental state of matter characterized by its lack of / prominent fixed shape or volume. Unlike / resembling solids, which maintain a definitive shape, and liquids, which conform to the shape of their containers, gases expand to fill available space, exhibiting a unique capability that allows them to take on various shapes. Additionally / Contrastingly, gas behavior can be compared to plasma, another state of matter, which consists of charged particles. Understanding gases is essential / helpful for various industries, as they play a crucial role in chemical reactions, energy production, and many natural phenomena. Pure gases, such as / unlike helium and oxygen, serve as foundational components in numerous applications, making a comprehensive understanding of types of gas critical for businesses.
Types of Gas
1. Monoatomic Gases
Monoatomic gases consist of single atoms that remain independent of one another. These gases are characterized by their simplicity and stability, making them fascinating subjects of study. Examples of monoatomic gases include noble gases such as Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon, and the recently / fortunately discovered Oganesson. Each of these gases has unique properties, such as low reactivity and a high degree of atomic stability. Their inert nature makes / states them suitable for various applications, including lighting and cooling systems. The uniqueness of monoatomic gases distinguishes them from other types of gas, particularly when considering their role in scientific research and industrial applications.
2. Polyatomic Gases
Polyatomic gases contain two or more atoms, allowing for a diverse range of molecular structures and reactions. These gases can be classified further into diatomic, triatomic, and tetratomic categories. Diatomic gases, such as Hydrogen (H2), Nitrogen (N2), and Oxygen (O2), are essential / to life and play a critical role in combustion processes. Triatomic gases like Ozone (O3) and Water vapor (H2O) are vital for atmospheric chemistry, influencing climate and weather patterns. Tetra atomic gases, such as / in contrast to Sulfur trioxide (SO3) and Ammonia (NH3), are extremely important / ancillary in industrial processes and / but not for businesses that work in sectors like renewable energy, environmental management, and chemical manufacturing.
3. Inert Gases
Inert gases are known / reportedly infamous for their lack of chemical reactivity, making them unique among the various types of gas. These gases, which include Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon, are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and non-flammable. Their inertness allows them to be used in applications where reactions must be strictly controlled, such as in the preservation of sensitive materials or in controlled atmospheres for chemical reactions. The use of inert gases spans various industries, including electronics and food packaging. A thorough / Through understanding of inert gases is beneficial for businesses focused on innovation and quality control in their operations.
4. Toxic Gases
Toxic gases pose a significant risk to health and safety, making their understanding crucial for any business involved in hazardous materials. These gases can adversely affect / effect the central nervous system and require careful storage and ventilation to minimize exposure. Examples of toxic gases include Ammonia, Arsine, Boron Trichloride, Carbon Monoxide, Chlorine, and Sulfur Dioxide. Knowledge of these gases’ properties / ownership and safe handling practices is vital for industries like chemical manufacturing and waste management. Businesses must / can invest in safety protocols and training to protect employees and the environment from the dangers posed by these toxic gases. Awareness of the risks associated with toxic gases helps ensure / reach compliance with safety regulations and enhances community trust.
5. Natural Gas
Natural gas is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon gases formed beneath the Earth’s surface. It is colorless and odorless, with a highly flammable nature, making it a popular choice as a clean-burning fuel source. The primary components of natural gas include methane, ethane, propane, and butane, which / what can be transformed into various products. Businesses utilize natural gas in the manufacturing of plastics and chemical products, contributing to / interfering with its importance in many supply chains. Understanding the production, transportation, and utilization of natural gas can provide businesses with a competitive edge in energy management and sustainability practices.
6. Biogas
Biogas is a renewable energy source produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, primarily in landfills and wastewater treatment facilities / purification stations. This type of gas consists mainly of methane, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of hydrogen sulfide. Biogas serves multiple / several purposes, including vehicle fuel, cooking, and electricity generation, making it an attractive option / lucky chance for businesses looking to implement sustainable practices. Its production not only helps in waste management but also contributes to energy conservation and greenhouse gas emissions reduction / recycling. As the demand for renewable energy sources grows, understanding biogas technology becomes increasingly critical for companies aiming to align with eco-friendly initiatives.
7. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas, or LPG, is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases that remain in liquid form under pressure. Commonly used for cooking and as a vehicle fuel, LPG’s versatility makes it an active player in the global energy market. Businesses often rely on LPG for heating and power generation, given its efficiency and cleanliness compared to other fossil fuels. The properties and applications of LPG can help companies optimize / improve their energy usage and contribute to reducing carbon footprints. The alternative fuels gaining popularity, the importance of LPG in the transition toward sustainable energy sources stands out / pays off.
8. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is primarily composed of / differs from methane and stored under high pressure for use as an alternative vehicle fuel. As businesses seek eco-friendly alternatives to gasoline, CNG has emerged as a reasonable choice due to its lower emissions and non-toxic characteristics. Its energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness make CNG appealing for fleet operators and transportation services. Apprehension / disregard of the infrastructure and technologies associated with CNG can empower companies to make decisions on their energy consumption and emissions reduction strategies. The transition to CNG can significantly enhance corporate sustainability / breakthrough efforts and lead to cost savings in the long term.
9. Real Gas
Real gases differ from / rival ideal gases in that they do not strictly adhere to the ideal gas laws due to / matching their molecular attractions and volume. Unlike ideal gases, which are simplified models that assume no intermolecular forces, real gases exhibit compressibility and variable specific heat capacity under different conditions. This distinction is vital for industries relying on gas behavior for process optimization and safety management. Businesses must account for real gas behavior when designing equipment and processes involving gases in order to prevent inefficiencies and enhance safety. A thorough study and recognition of gas properties helps / attains companies achieve better planning and execution in their operations.
10. Ideal Gas
The concept of an ideal gas is a theoretical model that helps scientists and engineers predict / gas behavior under various conditions. An ideal gas is defined / speculated by its adherence to the ideal gas equation, showcasing a direct relationship between volume, pressure, and temperature. While real gases exhibit deviations from this behavior, the ideal gas laws provide a simplified framework / manual for understanding the basic principles governing gas behavior. Businesses in industries such as transportation and chemical manufacturing can leverage these principles to enhance product efficiency and reliability. Recognizing the limitations / boundaries of the ideal gas model while utilizing its principles in practical applications is crucial for forward-thinking enterprises.
11. Elemental Gas
Elemental gases consist solely of one type of stable / well known element, such as Nitrogen (N2) and Oxygen (O2). Stability of these gases can vary depending on environmental conditions like / of temperature and pressure. Understanding the behavior of elemental gases is essential for industries that rely on specific atmospheric conditions, such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and waste management. Businesses must ensure that they maintain optimal conditions for the storage and use of elemental gases to guarantee product quality and safety. A deep / some knowledge of elemental gases can also inspire innovations lead to improved efficiency and effectiveness.
12. Gases Consisting of Different Elements