Английский язык в профессиональной деятельности. Нефть и газ. Практикум по грамматике

Gases that are composed / based of different elements serve various purposes across multiple industries. Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Water vapor (H2O), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Sulfur Oxides (SOx) are prime examples of gases that combine different elemental compositions. These mixed gases can affect environmental conditions and influence climate change, contribute in the air quality management. Comprehension of the effects of behavior and impact of these gases in general is imperative for businesses focused on environmental responsibility / prospects and regulatory compliance. Awareness of the ecological implications of these gases can help companies develop effective strategies for mitigating their environmental footprint and encouraging sustainable practices.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it’s important to outline / outperform the differences between real and ideal gases. While real gases demonstrate complex behaviors that deviate from ideal conditions, ideal gases provide a foundational understanding of gas laws that can be applied across various fields of science and business. Moreover / however, the specification of CNG and LPG as types of gas highlights the significance of fuel choice in transportation and energy management. Businesses that prioritize a comprehensive understanding of gas types will position themselves as leaders in sustainability and innovation.

4. Arrange the following words and expressions according to their communicative function in a text. One word or expression may have more than one use.

Additionally, moreover, due to, firstly, contrastingly, however, they say, in my view, in fact, furthermore, owing to, because of, therefore, as far as I know, secondly, finally, reportedly, allegedly, opposingly, then, as, subsequently, consequently, for that reason, as a result of, leading to, it is for sure, after that, despite the fact, although

1. Author wants to add extra information or strengthen his arguments.

2. Author wants to show the order of or rank the arguments / events.

3. Author wants to emphasize causality.

4. Author wants to underline specific value of the opinion or statement (relevance).

4. Author wants to express concession.

5. Author wants to express contrast.

5. Match the meaning to the abbreviation.

1. CPR ______ a. liquefied petroleum gas

2. LDC ______ b. Good Delivery Practice

3. GDP ______ c. European Medical Agency

4. EMA ______ d. Food and Drug Administration

5. FDA ______ e. Local Distribution Company

6. LPG ______ f. cardiopulmonary resuscitation

7. IMO ______ g. catalytic fluid cracking

8. cv ______ h. International Maritime Organization

9. CFC ______ i. calorific value

10. VLCC _____ j. Ultra Large Crude Carrier

11. ULCC ______ k. Very Large Crude Carrier

6. Read the lines, cross out the odd word.

1. magnesium, Magna Carta, Mindeleev, molecular.

2. nitrogen, neutral, valence, voluntary.

3. sour, a la cart, sweet, desalinated.

4. shale, liquefied, maritime, natural, rich.

5. API, BTU, OPEC, FDA

6. underground storage, conventional reserves, international convention, seismic data, production zone.

7. capacity, bolted tank, thief hatch, cleanout plate, route.

8. oil spill, oil leak, oil seepage, oil production.

7. Match

2. ethane [’i: θeɪn] — b. бутан (C4H10)

3. pentane [’penteɪn] — c. метан (CH4)

4. butane [’bju: teɪn] — d. этан (C2H6)

5. methane [’mi: θeɪn] — e. пентан (C5H12)

6. propane [’prəʊpeɪn] — f. гексан (C6H14)

8. Use discourse markers from exercise 4 to change the following sentences. Use a dictionary to vary your vocabulary and find more language means to emphasise coherence. Pay attention to the words in box below.*

Example: It is a fact that crude oil is classified by density and sulfur content, and these properties directly affect transportation methods. — It is a fact that crude oil is classified by density and sulfur content and this, therefore, directly affects oil and gas transportation methods.

Example 2: Barges are often used for short-sea and inland waterway transport of oil products. — On the one hand, barges are often used for short-sea transportation, on the other hand, for inland waterway transport of oil products.

Example 3: In coastal and shallow-water areas, smaller vessels and barges provide flexible logistics solutions. — Not only barges provide flexible logistics solutions in coastal and shallow-water areas, but also smaller vessels.

1. Light crude oil has a lower density and flows more easily; it can be moved via pipelines or standard tankers with fewer complications. 2. Heavy crude oil is viscous and requires heating or dilution with lighter hydrocarbons before it can be pumped or loaded into tankers. 3. High-sulfur (sour) crude oil is more corrosive, which means tanker tanks and pipeline sections need special protective coatings. 4. Bitumen, an extremely viscous form of heavy oil, is often transported by rail in heated tank cars or by specialized trucks rather than by conventional marine tankers. 5. Natural gas is mainly methane and is transported either as pipeline gas (in gaseous form) or as LNG (in liquid form) depending on the distance and infrastructure. 6. For long-distance overseas transport, natural gas is cooled to —160° C to become LNG, which drastically reduces its volume and makes sea shipping feasible. 7. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), which includes propane and butane, is transported under pressure or refrigeration, and LPG carriers are designed differently from LNG carriers. 8. The difference in boiling points between propane/butane and methane means that LPG and LNG need separate storage and handling systems. 9. Shale gas and associated gas from oil fields may contain higher levels of impurities. They require processing before they can be safely transported by pipeline or ship. 10. Condensate, a light hydrocarbon liquid produced with gas, behaves like a light crude and can be shipped in product tankers, but it is highly volatile and needs careful handling. 11. The wax content in some crude oils can cause blockages in pipelines at low temperatures, so heating stations are installed along the route. 12. In cold climates, the choice between rail, heated tank cars, and insulated marine vessels depends on the pour point of the specific crude grade. 13. Blending different crude types at terminals allows operators to adjust viscosity and sulfur levels, making the mixture easier and safer to transport. 14. Selecting the right transport mode always starts with analyzing the oil or gas grade. This depends on properties like viscosity, sulfur content, and volatility which determine the required equipment and safety measures. 15. Loading operations at the terminal are coordinated by the stevedore team, which ensures that cargo is stowed safely and according to the vessel’s stability plan. 16. Before loading begins, the ship’s chief officer verifies the cargo manifest and checks that all items match the documentation. 17. Crude oil is pumped into the tanker’s cargo tanks via submerged loading arms to minimise vapour emissions and reduce the risk of static ignition. 18. The loading rate is carefully controlled because excessive flow can cause overpressure in the cargo tanks or lead to spills at the manifold connections. 19. Not only must the weight be evenly distributed across the tanks, but also the sequence of loading has to follow the ship’s tank plan to maintain the vessel’s trim and stability. 20 Ballast water is discharged simultaneously with loading in order to keep the ship at the required draft and prevent excessive stress on the hull. 21. Once the loading is completed, the chief officer records the final quantities, seals the tanks, and signs the bill of lading as proof of receipt. 22. Although modern terminals use automated flow meters and remote monitoring systems, manual checks by the ship’s crew are still required for safety and compliance. 23. In case of an emergency stop, the loading system is designed to shut down automatically, and emergency valves isolate the cargo lines within seconds. 24. Due to strict environmental regulations, any residual cargo or tank washing water must be collected in slop tanks and disposed of through approved shore facilities rather than being discharged at sea. 25. Ro-Ro loading uses a ramp so that wheeled cargo can be driven directly onto the vessel. 26. Lo-Lo loading relies on cranes to lift containers and heavy units onto the deck.

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