Будущее капитализма
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No. 4872, September 1994. 28 Frederick Rose, "The Growing Backlash Against Immigration Includes Many
Myths," Wall Street Journal, April 16, 1995, p. 1.
29. Holmes, «A Surge in Immigration,» p. A15.
30. Borjas, Immigration and Welfare 1970-1990.
31. Ibid., p. 22.
32. John Ridding, «Disaffected Find a Home in the Front,» Financial Times, May 2, 1995, p. 2; William Drozdiak, «French Gear Up for 2nd Vote on Presidency,» Washington Post, April 25, 1995, p. A12.
33. Arsen J. Darney, ed., Statistical Record of Older Americans (Detroit: Gale Research, 1994), pp. 47, 48, 49, 64.
34. «Ageing Population Puts the Strain on Pensions,» European, October 28, 1994, p. 20.
35. Aline Sullivan, «Retiring Baby Boomers Dread the End of the Boom Times,» International Herald Tribune, March 11, 1995, p. 16.
36. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract 2994 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 16; Keizi Koho Center, Japan 1995: An International Comparison, p. 9.
37. Advisory Council on Social Security, Future Financial Resources of the Elderly: A View of Pensions, Savings, Social Security, and Earnings in the 21st Century, December 1991, pp. 12, 13.
38. Ibid., p. 39.
39. Elizabeth Kolbert, «Who Will Face the Music?» New York Times Magazine, August 27, 1995, p. 57.
40. Financial Times, Editorial, December 19, 1994, p. 13.
41. «A Powerful Political Lobby,» Financial Times, March 28, 1995, p. viii. 42.Ibid.
43. Barry Bosworth, Prospects for Savings and Investment in Industrial Countries, Brookings Discussion Paper No. 113, May 1995, pp. 12, 14.
44. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1996, Historical Tables (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 122.
45. Erik Ipsen, «Europe's Ailing Pensions,» International Herald Tribune, December 4, 1993, p. 1.
46. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty and Valuation of Noncash Benefits:1993. Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P60-188 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 41, 45.
47. Jean Michel Paul, «Belgium's Debt Crisis Is Europe's Too,» Wall Street Journal Europe, May 22, 1995, p. C9.
48. Bosworth, «Prospects for Savings and Investment,» p. 13.
49. Ibid.
50. Daniel B. Radner, The Wealth of the Aged and the Nonaged 1984, Social Security Administration, ORS Working Paper No. 36, 1988.
51. Edward N. Wolff, «Changing Inequality of Wealth,» American Economics Review, May 1992, p. 554.
52. Ann Reilly Dowd, «Needed: A New War on the Deficit,» Fortune, November 14,
1994. p. 191.
53. «The Budget Pain WH1 Come and the Young Will Suffer,» International Herald Tribune, February 18, 1995, p. 6.
54. «Health Spending,» The Economist, June 24, 1995, p. 98.
55. Richard W. Stevenson, «A Deficit Reigns in Sweden's Welfare State,» New York Times, February 2, 1995, p. 1.
56. «Stripping Down the Cycle,» The Economist, July 3, 1993, p. 61.
57. «House of Debt,» The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 14.
58. «Public Sector Finances,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 115.
59. Paul, «Belgium's Debt Crisis,» p. 8.
60. Newt Gingrich, Contract withAmerica (New York: Times Books, 1994), p. 115.
61. «French Finance Minister Resigns,» Boston Globe, August 26, 1995, p. 2.
62. Robert Pear, «Panel on a U. S. Benefits Overhaul Fails to Agree on Proposals,» New York Times, December 15, 1994, p. A24.
63. Taking Care of Granny," The Economist, June 3, 1995, p. 25.
64. Health and Wealth, special issue of Daedalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fall 1994.
65. John Fender, «Not Such a Safe Haven,».Financial Times, December 23, 1994, p. 15.
66. Sylvia Nasar, «Older Americans Cited in Studies of National Savings Rate Slump,» New York Times, February 21, 1995, p. 1.
67. Wallace C. Peterson, Silent Depression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 149; David Popenoe, «The Family Condition of America,» in Values and Public Policy, ed. Henry J. Aaron, Thomas E. Mann and Timothy Taylor (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. 104.
68. Цит. по: Alan Riding, «Passions Ignited, French Students Protest Wage Policy Again,» New York Times, March 26, 1994, p. 3.
69. Dennis Kelly, «Seniors Much Less Likely to Back Local Education Bonds,» USA Today, June 30, 1993, p. 1.
70. William Celis, «Schools Reopen in Town That Made Them Close,» New York Times, September 2, 1993, p. A14; Isabel Wilkerson, Tiring of Cuts, District Plans to Close Schools," New York Times, March 21, 1993, p. 20.
71. Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 8; Stephan P. Magee, William A. Brock, and Leslie Young, Black Hole Tariffs and Endogenous Policy Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. xv.
72. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States, 1992, Current Population Reports, Series P60-184, pp. 148, 150.
73. John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, eds., The New Palgrave: Social Economics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), p. 10; «Statistisches Budesamt,» Sta-tistisches Jahrbuch 1994, Federal Republic of Germany, p. 82.
74. Michael V. Leonesio, The Economics of Retirement: A Nontechnical Guide, ORS Working Paper No. 66, Social Security Administration, April 1995, pp. 65, 66.
75. Leslie Wayne, «Pension Changes Raising Concerns,» New York Times, August 29, 1994, p. 1.
76. «Skimpy Savings,» Fortune, February 20, 1995, p. 38.
77. Ibid.
78. «Why Baby-Boomers Won't Be Able to Retire,» Fortune, September 4, 1995, p. 48.
79.Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. The Economics of Aging," Business Week, September 12, 1994, p. 60.
82. Louis Uchitelle, «Retirement? Most Americans Have Grown to Fear It,» International Herald Tribune, March 27, 1995, p. 3.
83. Scott Lehigh, «Social Security,» Boston Globe, August 20, 1995, pp. 81, 82.
84. Dean R. Leimer, A Guide to Social Security Money's Worth Issues, ORS Working Paper No. 67, Social Security Administration, April 1995, p. 28.
85. Assar Lindbeck, Uncertainty Under the Welfare State, Seminar Paper No. 576, Institute for International Economic Studies at University of Stockholm, July 1994, p. 6.
86. Leimer, A Guide to Social Security Money's Worth Issues, p. 26.
87. Dowd, «Needed: A New War on the Deficit,» p. 191; Internal Revenue Service, «Form 1040A, 1994» (Washington, 0. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993).
88. «Sweden: Judgement Day,» The Economist, February 18, 1995, p. 37.
89. The Enlightened Welfare Seeker's Guide to Europe," The Economist, March 12, 1994,
90. Assar Lmdbeck, Overshooting, Reform, and Retreat of the Welfare State, Institute for International Economic Studies at University of Stockholm, No. 499, 1994.
91. Barry P. Bosworth and Alice M. Rivlin, eds., The Swedish Economy (Washington, D. C.: Brookmgs Institution, 1987), pp. 199, 207.
92. «Sweden Shows Effects of Painful Cure,» Financial Times, November 8, 1993, p. 3.
93. Damon Darlin, «A New Flavor of Pork,» Forbes, June 5, 1995, p. 146.
94. «Expanded Medicaid Crowded Out Private Insurance,» The NBER Digest, 1994, p. 1.
95. Yair Aharone, The No Risk Society (New Jersey: Chatham House, 1981), pp. 48, 62.
1. Richard N. Cooper, Environmental and Resource Policies for the World Economy (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. xi.
2. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), p. 56.
3. Ibid., p. 72.
4. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, 1980 yearbook, Washington, D. C., pp. 62, 63; Financial Statistics, 1986 yearbook, pp. 70, 72; U. S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, Washington, D. C., 1989, 1992, p. 61.
5. J. Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program, NBER Working Paper No. 3899, November 1991.
6. Tom Buerkle, «EU Heads Boldly into a High-Stakes Debate on Expanding Eastward,» International Herald Tribune, June 2, 1995, p. 1.
7. DRI/McGraw-НШ, Impact of the Peso Crisis, February 1995, p. 1.
8. Ibid., p. 6.
9. «Canada's Endangered Bacon,» Fortune, March 10, 1995, p. 75.
10. «Financial Indicators,» The Economist, February 25, 1995, p. 109.
11. «The Americas Drift Toward Free Trade,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 45.
12. Noel Malcolm, «The Case Against 'Europe,'» Foreign Affairs, March/April 1995, p. 68.
13. «No Cannes Do,» The Economist, July 1, 1995, p. 23.
14. Tom Buerkle, «Seven European Nations Drop Border Controls,» International Herald Tribune, March 25, 1995, p. 1.
15. Malcolm, The Case Against 'Europe," pp. 54, 59.
16. World Bank, World Tables for 1994 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), p. 27, 29.
17. Michael Richardson, «APEC's Crisis of (No) Consensus,» International Herald Tribune, March 17, 1995, p. 17.
18. Steven Brull, «Waves in Pacific Trade: APEC Struggles to Tie Down Specifics,» International Herald Tribune, July 6, 1995, p. 11.
19. Kevin Murphy, «Building Blocs: A Rising Yen Challenges the Dollar,» International Herald Tribune, March 27, 1995, p. 11.
20. Commission of the European Communities, Towards a New Bretton Woods: Alternatives for the Global Economy, European University Institute, May 1993.
21. International Labor Organization, World Employment Report, Geneva, 1995, p. 35; Warwick J. McKibbin and Dominick Salvatore, The Global Economic Consequences of the Uruguay Round, Brookings Discussion Papers No. 110, February 1995, p. 3.
22. David Buchan, «GATT Deal May Enrich World by $270 Billion,» Financial Times, November 10, 1993, p. 7; McKibbin and Salvatore, The Global Economic Consequences of the Uruguay Round, p. 5.
23. Elmer Hankiss, «European Paradigms: East and West 1945-1994,» After Communism, What? special issue of Daedalus, Summer 1994, p. 115.
24. Philip R. Schlesinger, «Europe's Contradictory Communicative Space,» Europe Through a Glass Darkly, special issue of Daedalus, Spring 1994, p. 27.
25. «You're Not in Kansas Anymore,» The Economist, February 4, 1995, p. 57; Schlesinger, «Europe's Contradictory Communicative Space,» p. 33.
26. «La Regie du Jeu,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 18.
27. Office of Technology Assessment, Afuttinariona/s and the U. S. Technoiogj/ Base (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994), p. 7.
28. David Shribman, «GATT: Vilifying the Inscrutable,» Boston Globe, July 22, 1994,
р.
З.
29. Zanny Minton-Beddoes, «Why the IMF Needs Reform,» Foreign Affairs, May/June 1995, p. 123.
1. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), pp. 258, 275.
2. J. Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program, NBER Working Paper No. 3899, November 1991.
3. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 117.
4. De Long and Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan, p. 14; U. S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Vol. 1 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 228.
5. Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1996 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 115.
6. Newt Gingrich, Contract with America (New York: Times Books, 1994); New Repub-Kc, March 25, 1995, p. 21.
7. Robert W. Tucker and David С. He ndrickson, The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America's Purpose (New York: Council on Foreign Relations), 1992.
8. Samuel Brittan, «Time to Bury Those League Tables,» Financial Times, May 25, 1995, p. 10.
9. Steven Brull, International Herald Tribune, March 8, 1995, p. 1.
10. «Japan's GDP Rivals That of the U. S.,» International Herald Tribune, May 10, 1995, p. 19.
11. Charles Wolf, Jr., «The Fine Art of the False Alarm,» Wall Street Journal, November 1, 1994, p. A20; World Bank, World Tables 1994 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
12. «Russians Don't Like Dead in Chechen on TV,» International Herald Tribune, December 22, 1994, p. 6.
13. Russell Watson, «Russia's TV War,» Newsweek, February 6, 1995, p. 8.
14. DRI/McGraw-НШ, Review of the U. S. Economy, p. 87.
15. «OECD Chides the U. S. Over Foreign Aid Cuts,» International Herald Tribune, March 8, 1995, p. 2.
16. Johsen Takanashi, «Dollar Being Eclipsed as Global Standard,» Nikkei Weekly, June 5, 1995, p. 6.
17. Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 278, 279.
18. International Monetary Fund, International Trade Policies: The Uruguay Round and Beyond, Vols. I, II, Washington, 1994.
19. David Halberstam, The Next Century (New York: Morrow, 1991), p. 52.
20. «U. S. House Votes to Cut UN Peacekeeping Funds,» The Japan Times, February 18, 1995, p. 2.
21. «House Votes to Curb Role in UN,» International Herald Tribune, February 17, 1995, p. 1.
22. Gingricn, Contract withAmerica, p. 17. 23.Ibid.
24. Цит. по: Richard L. Berke, "Pat Buchanan Is Driving the «96 Race Rightward,» Internatio nal Herald Tribune, May 31, 1995, p. 1.
25. Michael Dobbs, «NATO Expansion Popular But Don't Look at the Price,» International Herald Tribune, July 8, 1995, p. 1.
26. Clyde Haberman, «Israel Warns U. S. Not to Cut Aid to Nations in Peace Talks,» New York Times, March 4, 1995, p. 4.
27. Michel Albert, Capitalism Against Capitalism (London: Whurr Publishers, 1993), p. 35.
28. Tan Kirn Song, «Money Market Chaos a Threat to APEC's Aims,» The Sunday Straits Times, April 16, 1995, p. 1.
29. Laura Keeton, «Legal Beat: More Legal Aliens Seeking Citizenship to Keep Benefits,» Wall Street Journal, March 6, 1995, p. Bl.
30. Jerry Gray, «Budget Axes Land on Items Big and Small,» New York Times, February 28, 1995, p. A14.
31. «Mexico Crisis and Stable Rates Cause Dollar Malaise,» International Herald Tribune, February 17, 1995, p. 11.
32. Anthony Robinson, «Warning on 'Malady' of Weak Leadership,» Financial Times, May 4, 1995, p. 4.
33. Steve Farka, Mixed Messages: A Survey of Foreign Policy Views of American Leaders (Washington, D. C.: Public Agenda Foundation, 1995), p. 28.
34. Цит. по: Craig Lambert, «Leadership in a New Key,» Harvard Magazine, March/ April 1995, p. 31.
35. Ibid.
36. Major Garrett, «Beyond the Contract,» Mother Jones, March/April 1995, p. 54.
37. Newt Gingrich, «Only America Can Lead,» New Perspectives Quarterly, Spring 1995, p. 4.
1. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, Washington, D. C., ежегодники за различные годы; Stuart Holland, Toward a New Bretton Woods (Nottingham, U. K.: Russel Press, 1994), p. 10; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 7995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 403.
2. Sylvia Nasar, «More Men in Prime of Life Spend Less Time Working,» New York Times, December 1, 1994, p. 1.
3. Robert D. Hershey, Jr., «Survey Finds б Million, Fewer Than Thought, in Impermanent Jobs,» New Yo rk Times, August 19, 1995, p. 31.
4. Polly Callaghan and Heidi Hartmann, Contingent Work (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute, 1991), p. 2.
5. Lenore Schiff, «Why Inflation Will Keep Falling,» Fortune, October 2, 1995, p. 60.
6. George J. Borjas, «The Economics of Migration,» Journal of Economic Literature, December 1994, p. 1668.
7. Nicholas Fiore, «Carpenter Technology,» report at Conference on Leveraging Taiwanese Resources, МГГ-ЕРОСН Foundation, October 12-14, 1995, Taip ei.
8. Economic Policy Institute, Declining American Incomes and Living Standards, 1994.
9. Craig R. Whitney, «West European Companies Head East for Cheap Labor,» New York Times, February 9, 1995, p. Dl.
10. Richard J. Murnane, John B. Willet, and Frank Lew, «The Growing Importance of Cognitive Skills in Wage Determination,» Review of Economics and Statistics, May 1995, p. 258.
11. Neal Templin, «Dr. Goodwrench, Auto Plants Are Demanding Higher Skilled Labor,» Wall Street Journal, March 11, 1994, p, 1.
12. U. S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business (Washington, D, C.:
U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994), pp. 82, 84. 13 Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 231.
14. Eli Berman, John Bound, and Svi Griliches, «Changes in the Demand for Skilled Labor in U. S. Manufacturing,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1994, p. 367.
15. Robert Z. Lawrence and Matthew J. Slaughter, «Trade and U.S. Wages: Great Sucking Sound or Small Hiccup?» Micro-BPEA Meetings, Washington, D. C., June 1993; Paul Krugman and Robert Lawrence, Trade, Jobs, and Wages, MIT Working Paper, 1994.
16. George J. Borjas and Valerie A. Ramey, «Time Series Evidence on the Sources of Trends in Wage Inequality,» AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 1994, p. 10.
17. Farhad Rassekh, «The Role of International Trade in the Convergence of Per Capita GDP in the OECD, 1950-1980,» International Economics Journal, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Winter 1992), p. 1; Manouchehr Mokhtari and Farhad Rassekh, «The Tendency Toward Factor Price Equalization Among OECD Countries,» Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1989, p 636; Dan Ben-David, «Equalizing Exchange, Trade, Liberalization and Convergence,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, August 1993, p. 653; Ana L. Revenga, «Exporting Jobs,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1992, p. 255; David L. Dollar and Edward N. Woffi, «Convergence of In dustrial Labor Productivity Among Advanced Economies, 1963-1982,» Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1988, p. 549.
18. Jeffrey D. Sachs and Howard J. Shatz, Trade and Jobs in U. S. Manufacturing, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1, 1994, p. 1.
19. Derek Bok, The Cost of Talent (New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 223.
20. Ibid,
21. Rassekh, «The Role of International Trade,» p. 1.
22. Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 279.
23. Economic Policy Institute, Declining American Incomes and Living Standards (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994), p. 12.
24. Laura D'Andrea Tyson, William T, Dickens, and John Zysman, The Dynamics of Trade and Employment (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1988), p. 102.
25. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60 (Washington, D. C.: U. S, Government Printing Office, 1973, 1993), pp. 119, 144.
26. Robert H. Topel, «Regional Labor Markets and the Determination of Wage Inequality,» American Economic Review, May 1994, p. 17.
27. Harold Lydall, A Theory of Income Distnbution (Oxford, U. K.: Clarendon Press, 1979).
28. Lester C. Thurow, Generating Inequality (New York: Basic Books, 1974).
29. Michael Sattinger, «Assignment Models of the Distribution of Earnings,» Journal of Economic Literature, June 1993, p. 833.
30. Thurow, Generating Inequality.
31. Ibid.
32. Robert H. Frank, «Talent and the Winner-Take-All Society,» American Prospect, Spring 1994, p. 99.
33. Robert Taylor, «Decline in Worker Organization,» Financial Times, June 2, 1995, p. 8.
34. «Trade Unions: Adapt or Die,» The Economist, July 1, 1995, p. 60.
35. George J. Borjas and Valerie A. Ramey, Foreign Competition, Market Power and Wage Inequality: Theory and Evidence, Working Paper No. 4556 NBER, December
1993; Lawrence M. Kahn and Michael Curme, «Unions and Nonunion Wage Dispersion,» Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1987, p. 600.
36. Economic Policy Institute, Paying the Toll (Washington, D. C., 1994), p. 1.
37. «Nothing Could Be Finer,» The Economist, November 19, 1994, p. 77.
38. Ibid.
39. Economic Policy Institute, Paying the Toll, p. 1.
1. Jeffrey С. Fuhrer, ed., Goals, Guidelines, and Constraints Facing Monetary Policy-makers (Boston: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, June 1994).
2. Robert Hershey, Jr., «Federal Reserve Raises Its Rates 7th Time in a Year,» New York Times, February 2, 1995, p. 1.
3. «Economy Expanded As Inflation Fell,» New York Times, October 23, 1995, p. 34.
4. Louis Uchitelle, «Labor Costs Show Small Increase,» New York Times, January 2, 1995, p. Dl; «Core U. S. Inflation Lowest Since 1965,» International Herald Tribune, January 12, 1995, p. 5; «OECD: No Inflation Problem Seen in 1995,» International Herald Tribune, December 21, 1994, p. 1.
5. Joshua Ogawa, «Wholesale Prices Estimated to Have Kept Falling,» Nikkei Weekly, June 12, 1995, p. 3.
6. Robert D. Herse, Jr., «Statistics Never Lie, but They Increasingly Mislead in America,» International Herald Tribune, January 17, 1995, p. 17.
7. Mark K. Sherwood, «Difficulties in the Measurement of Service Outputs,» Monthly Labor Review, March 1994, p. 1.
8. «Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Deficit?» The Economist, September 30, 1995, p.
9. Zvi Griliches, «Productivity R amp;D, and the Data Constraint,» American Economic Review, March 1994, p. 1.
10. James Aley, «Medical Inflation Lives,» Fortune, March 20, 1995, p. 24.
11. Robert Barro, in The Bank of England's Quarterly Bulletin; цит. по: «The Costs of Inflation,» The Economist, May 13, 1995, p. 90.
12. Samuel Brittan, «Elusive Case for Stable Prices,» Financial Times, May 18, 1995 p. 9.
13. Samuel Brittan, The Role and Limits of Government (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), p. 113.
14. «What's Happening to Inflation?» The Economist, September 16, 1995, p. 85.
15. Lenore Schiff, «Why Inflation Will Keep Falling,» Fortune, October 2, 1995, p. 59.
16. Jeff Faux, «A National Embarrassment,» Challenge, January-February 1995, p. 6.
17. Ibid., p. 11.
18. Stephen S. Roach, The Next Leg of Disinflation, Morgan Stanley Special Economic Study, June 1994.
19. Anne Romanis Braun, Wage Determination and Income Policy in Open Economies (Washington, D. C.: International Monetary Fund, 1986), p. 100.