Scientific research and development of solar energy in the modern world and the Republic of Uzbekistan. Monograph
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Editor Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Editor Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov
Editor Farruh Murodjonovich Sharofutdinov
Editor Sultonali Mukaramovich Abduraxmonov
Editor Botirali Rustamovich Jalolov
Cover design Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Cover design Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov
Illustrator Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Illustrator Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov
Proofreader Salim Madraximovich Otajonov
Reviewer, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Research Institute "Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics" at the National University of the Republic of Uzbekistan Obbozjon Xoshimovich Qo'ldoshev
Reviewer, Senior Researcher, Head of the Accelerator Center at the Research Institute "Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics" at the National University of the Republic of Uzbekistan Rinad Fuadovich Rumi
Reviewer, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor and Chief Researcher of the "Institute of Nuclear Physics" of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sergey Viktorovich Artyomov
Reviewer, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of "Electronics and Instrumentation" of the Faculty of Computer Design Systems of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute Sultonali Rustamovich Abduraxmonov
Reviewer, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute Foziljon Oripovich Obidov
© Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev, 2023
© Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov, 2023
© Botirali Rustamovich Jalolov, 2023
ISBN 978-5-0059-4541-9
Created with Ridero smart publishing system
Preface
If you are doing something beautiful and sublime, and no one notices it – do not worry: sunrise is generally the most beautiful sight in the world, but most people are still asleep at this time.John LennonEnergy is what characterizes the entire civilization and this is an extremely true statement, because even the level of development of society is determined precisely due to the amount of energy generated by it. But this generation may not always be safe. For example, the generation of electrical energy through steam is extremely complex, and in large volumes even dangerous technology that leads to large-scale natural disasters. Speaking of the wind industry, it has yet to be studied in more detail, but if we stop at nuclear energy, it is important to say that uranium is already outliving its age and it is necessary to switch to more advanced technologies, for example, the inclusion of thermonuclear reactions, but even better the use of resonant nuclear reactions, which have been mentioned more than once and it was said.
By themselves, these reactions are as environmentally friendly as solar energy, of course, with the introduction of some very revolutionary changes. But even more shocking will be the collaboration of these two titans of the energy industry – solar energy and energy of resonant nuclear reactions, which is likely to give just a shocking result. Speaking about the relevance and relevance of this project as such, it is enough just to note the beginning of the "energy hunger" across the planet and around the world.
But if we stop only at the technologies of solar power plants themselves, then we can already cite a number of very different facts regarding the active development of this direction as quite rapidly progressing.
Speaking about the study of this problem, it is important to proceed from the very beginning. The first discovery in 1839 by Alexander Edmond Becquerel of the photoelectric effect in the study of electrolytic elements contributed to the growth of interest in them among the scientific community. In 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of selenium, and in Johann Elster and Hans Geitel studied the effects of sunlight on electrified bodies. Later in 1887, Heinrich Hertz observed the photoelectric effect and reported on the production and reception of electromagnetic waves with their help.
In the future, this issue most often turned to scientific debates, but for the first time the idea of industrial use of solar energy is assigned to the time of Frank Schumann, on the use of solar engines and pumping water with their help. But for his project, about 15,000 square meters of Land were needed to use solar generators resembling modern solar collectors, which would allow for 1,000 horsepower. And for the first time experimentally, this project began its work on the territory of Africa back in June 1913.
After that, the German government, headed by Wilhelm II himself, allocated large sums for this, but the First World War began, which contributed to the closure of the project.
Speaking of the scientific development of the idea, further study of this issue in the effects of Stoletov, Riga, Hoor and others led to a number of questions and later developed into the famous "absolutely black body" problem, near the 1900s. Which was later solved thanks to the introduction of Max Planck's works in the work "On the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum", which was finally boldly developed in a completely different way, having received the simplest and at the same time ingenious solution by Albert Einstein, in the form of his equation for the photoelectric effect, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. awards.
Today, the photovoltaic effect is very often used in all directions and research, many firms and enterprises are actively working towards the creation of new power plants, but no one has yet attempted a real collaboration, the actions of two huge parts of the energy industry together, and the question of how this can be done, is this method and solution effective and a number of derivatives are central.
The purpose of this study is:
· Creation of a strong communication system between the nuclear and solar energy model;
· Improvement of solar energy extraction technologies with the highest possible efficiency;
· Reaching new heights in the field of scaling electric power generation systems;
· Creation of mathematical and physical apparatus for connecting solar and nuclear systems;
· Calculation of both the nuclear and solar side of the study of all processes and integer values of the characteristics of systems;
· Generation of a huge amount of electric energy, capable of providing almost the entire Republic of Uzbekistan by more than 174%.
The object of this study is the merger of solar power plants with a new resonant nuclear reaction power plant.
The subject of this study is the process of studying the fusion of solar power plants with a new resonant nuclear reaction power plant.
For this study, an instrumental, empirical and theoretical research method was applied, which gave the necessary important results.
The scientific novelty of this work is based on the following:
· Together with Clipper Energy LLC, aka Clipper Associates Malaysia LLC, a large-scale modeling and calculation of the process indicators of the project to create a Solar Park for 1000 MW energy in the Fergana Valley is being carried out;
· The first system of collaboration between the Solar Park and the world's first station for generating electricity through the phenomena of physics of resonant nuclear reactions, developed in the world's first laboratory of physics of resonant nuclear reactions in the Fergana Valley by Electron Laboratory LLC with generation to convert 1 GWh of energy into 17.4 GWh;
· The only worldwide development in the field of development of joint technologies for nuclear energy conversion;
· The world's only technology for the use of solar interference in the production of energy.
The reliability of the results is based on the ongoing project to implement two power plants, which were mentioned earlier on the basis of cooperation between Clipper Associates LLC and Electron Laboratory LLC, which will lead to great results, if we mention the number of publications, then this was mentioned in many scientific articles, but as a professional book publication in the field of solar energy, this the job is the first one. Quite a few monographs, textbooks and others have already been published in the nuclear field.
Chapter 1. Orders, resolutions and orders in the Republic of Uzbekistan on alternative and renewable energy sources
Since the main problems of the energy crisis are becoming more and more relevant today all over the world, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev pays great attention to the development of energy, as evidenced by numerous active contacts with the states of the world on cooperation in the field of creating new energy installations, among which renewable energy sources have a high priority. It is also worth pointing out that a large number of companies, firms, organizations around the world want to act as investors, to which the Government of the state expresses keen interest, which is also evidenced by the attention of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the energy issue at official meetings with heads of state.
The following resolutions may serve as proof of the above:
1.1. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On accelerated measures to improve the energy efficiency of economic and social sectors, the introduction of energy-saving technologies and the development of renewable energy sources» No. PP-4422 dated 08/22/2019
The republic implements long-term strategies for the development of the oil and gas, electric power, coal, chemical, and construction industries aimed at ensuring dynamic economic growth and improving the welfare of the population, uninterrupted satisfaction of demand for fuel and energy resources.
At the same time, the existing capacities of the fuel and energy industry do not fully meet the growing demand for energy resources, the energy intensity of the domestic economy significantly exceeds the average of developed countries.
The share of renewable energy sources generated mainly by hydroelectric power plants currently accounts for only 10 percent of the total electricity produced in the country. Despite the huge potential available, the possibilities of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are not fully used.
In this regard, one of the urgent directions of state policy at the present stage should be to increase the energy efficiency of economic and social sectors, the widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies and renewable energy sources.
In order to comprehensively organize work to improve energy efficiency, widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies and renewable energy sources, radically reduce the energy intensity of economic and social sectors by involving existing resources and untapped potential, taking into account advanced foreign experience, as well as ensuring rational and efficient use of fuel and energy resources:
1. Take note that:
a) The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Use of Renewable Energy sources" provides for benefits and preferences in the field of the use of renewable energy sources, including exemption from payment of:
all types of taxes for a period of five years from the date of state registration of producers of renewable energy installations;
property tax for installations of renewable energy sources and land tax on the sites occupied by these installations (with a nominal capacity of 0.1 MW or more) for a period of ten years from the date of their commissioning;
land tax by persons using renewable energy sources in residential premises with complete disconnection from existing energy networks, for a period of three years, starting from the month of use of renewable energy sources;
b) the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 8, 2017 No. PP-3379 "On measures to ensure the rational use of energy resources" established the procedure according to which from January 1, 2018:
during the design, reconstruction, construction and commissioning of buildings and structures of state bodies and institutions, as well as multi-apartment housing stock, they are checked for compliance with urban planning norms and rules regarding the use of energy-efficient and energy-saving technologies;
when designing, reconstructing and constructing all buildings and structures, except for individual housing construction, it is mandatory to install certified solar water heating installations for hot water supply, as well as energy-saving lamps.
2. Recognize the unsatisfactory work of ministries and departments, enterprises and organizations of economic and social sectors to improve energy efficiency, introduce energy-saving technologies and develop renewable energy sources.
3. Indicate the personal responsibility of the first heads of state and economic management bodies, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the khokims of regions, Tashkent, districts and cities for taking comprehensive measures to improve energy efficiency, the widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies and the use of renewable energy sources in administrative buildings, settlements and industrial facilities.
4. To approve the Comprehensive Program developed by the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Economy and Industry, the Ministry of Innovative Development and the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan for further improving the energy efficiency of economic and social sectors, the introduction of energy—saving technologies and the development of renewable energy sources in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019 – 2022 (hereinafter referred to as the Comprehensive Program), which provides:
a) approval:
target parameters for the further development of renewable energy sources according to Appendix No. 1 with bringing their share to more than 25 percent of the total electricity generation by 2030;
The Roadmap for further improving the energy efficiency of economic and social sectors, as well as the development of renewable energy sources according to Appendix No. 2;
See the previous edition.
b) measures to ensure uninterrupted supply of energy resources to social facilities (educational organizations, including preschool, healthcare facilities) in the regions, as well as to reduce energy consumption in the city of Nukus, regional centers and cities of regions due to:
(first paragraph of subparagraph "b" of paragraph 4 as amended by the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated October 8, 2020 year No. PP-4857 – National Database of Legislation, 09.10.2020, no.07/20/4857/1357)
phased installation of modern solar photovoltaic plants and solar water heaters (with the exception of facilities connected to centralized heat supply systems) to provide hot water and electric energy, as well as energy-efficient heating systems, including bivalent, including the introduction of modern heat pumps and recuperators;
improvements to the thermal protection system of buildings, installation of two-chamber and energy-efficient window units, sensor sensors combined with LED sources, as well as air recuperators and other systems;
c) installation of solar photovoltaic plants (on average 2 kW) and solar water heaters (on average 200 liters) in private households;
d) replacement of non-standard gas-burning devices with modern and energy-efficient gas-burning devices for household consumers, as well as legal entities;
e) approval of the List of administrative buildings of state bodies and organizations, as well as infrastructure facilities that are recommended to be equipped with solar photovoltaic stations and solar water heating installations, according to Appendix No. 3.
5. Determine the sources of financing for the activities of the Comprehensive Program from the republican budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the republican budget of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, local budgets of regions and Tashkent, own funds of individuals and legal entities, as well as preferential credit resources of international financial institutions and foreign government financial organizations, technical assistance funds (grants) from foreign donors.
The Ministry of Investment and Foreign Trade, together with the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, will hold negotiations with international financial institutions, foreign government financial organizations and foreign donors within a month in order to attract credit resources and technical assistance funds (grants) for the implementation of a Comprehensive program.
6. Introduce the procedure according to which, from January 1, 2020, the following activities are financed from the State Budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan within the annually approved parameters:
a) providing compensation to individuals in the amount of 30 percent of the costs of purchasing solar photovoltaic plants, solar water heaters, as well as energy—efficient gas-burning devices, but not more than:
3 million soums – for solar photovoltaic plants;
1.5 million soums – for solar water heaters;
200 thousand soums – for gas-burning devices;
b) providing compensations to individuals and legal entities to cover interest costs on loans from commercial banks for the purchase of renewable energy installations, energy—efficient gas burners and boilers, as well as other energy—efficient equipment:
to individuals – on loans whose amount does not exceed 500 million soums – in part exceeding the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan, but not by more than 8 percentage points;
to legal entities – on loans, the amount of which does not exceed 5 billion soums – in the part exceeding the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan, but not more than 5 percentage points;
c) development and adoption of international standards that establish requirements for energy-efficient, energy-saving technologies and equipment, as well as methods of their testing.
The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan within two months to determine the mechanism for financing the activities provided for in this paragraph.
7. Establish that annually:
Until September 15, state and economic management bodies, as well as territorial commissions on energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy sources, submit proposals to the Ministry of Energy for inclusion in the List of facilities to be equipped with renewable energy installations, other energy—efficient and energy-saving equipment in the coming year, as well as work to improve thermal protection (hereinafter – the List);
Until October 1, the Ministry of Energy, together with the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services, the Ministry of Economy and Industry, the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the khokimiyats of the regions and the city of Tashkent, forms a list by sectors of the economy and social sphere, as well as districts and cities, indicating specific volumes and sources of financing;
Until October 15, the Republican Commission on Energy Efficiency and Development of Renewable Energy Sources considers and approves the List;
The amount of funds provided in the List is included by the Ministry of Finance in the parameters of the annually approved State Budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
8. To determine that from January 1, 2020:
a) when designing, reconstructing and constructing all buildings and structures, except for individual housing construction, it is mandatory to provide for:
ensuring energy efficiency of buildings in accordance with building codes and regulations;
provision of a section of energy efficiency indicators of buildings and structures taking into account the requirements of building codes and regulations during the examination of project documentation;
b) state bodies and organizations are obliged to install sensor sensors combined with LED sources for lighting systems, energy-efficient gas-burning devices in buildings and structures on their balance sheet;
c) determination of the class or technical indicators of energy efficiency of products (equipment, goods) and technologies is mandatory when they are certified by accredited bodies in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The Ministry of Construction, together with the Ministry of Energy and the Uzstandart Agency, until November 1, 2019:
to review urban planning norms and rules for radically increasing the energy efficiency requirements of newly constructed and reconstructed buildings and structures;
develop and approve regulatory documents for determining energy efficiency classes of buildings and structures (classes A, B, C and others).
9. Agree with the proposal of the Uzstandart Agency, the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Economy and Industry, the Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the phased implementation of the system from December 1, 2019 to January 1, 2023 energy management in accordance with the international standard (ISO 50001) at domestic enterprises and organizations according to the list according to Annex No. 4, which provides:
transparency and objectivity of energy efficiency assessment, reduction of energy intensity of enterprises, as well as reduction of emissions into the atmosphere;
efficiency of energy consumption management with minimal expenditure of resources, primarily financial, increasing the capitalization of assets of enterprises;
improving the competitiveness of manufactured products and services.
10. To the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Agency "Uzstandart" together with the responsible ministries and departments:
within a month to conduct an inventory of the existing regulatory documents on standardization, establishing requirements for energy-efficient, energy-saving technologies and equipment;
within two months to approve the network schedule for the adoption in the period 2019-2020 of the necessary international standards establishing requirements for energy-efficient, energy-saving technologies, equipment and methods of their testing;
within two months, develop and approve a Roadmap for the creation of modern laboratories for testing energy-consuming equipment for compliance with energy efficiency and energy saving indicators by August 1, 2020.
See the previous edition.
11. Prohibit from January 1, 2022 the import into the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan of used generating equipment, power step-down transformers, electric motors, as well as energy-intensive household electrical appliances of the energy efficiency category "D".
(the first paragraph of paragraph 11 as amended by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 9, 2022 No. UP-220 – National Database of Legislation, 09/10/2022, No. 06/22/220/0812)
See the previous edition.
To approve the list of household electrical appliances of energy efficiency category "D" and below, the import of which into the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan is prohibited, according to Annex No. 4a.
(paragraph 11 was supplemented with the second paragraph by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 9, 2022 No. UP-220 – National Database of Legislation, 09/10/2022, No. 06/22/220/0812)
To establish that the purchase of electrical equipment and installations, as well as components and materials for enterprises of territorial electric networks is carried out centrally by JSC "Regional Electric Networks".
12. Approve:
the updated composition of the Republican Commission on Energy Efficiency and Development of Renewable Energy Sources (hereinafter – the Republican Commission) according to Appendix No. 5;